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Biomechanics of Abusive Head Trauma: Towards Differential Diagnosis and Prevention
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Neuronic Engineering.ORCID iD: 0009-0006-3371-3797
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Abusive head trauma (AHT) is a controversial and scientifically disputed medical diagnosis, particularly in infants. Existing symptom-based diagnostic approaches lack rigorous scientific validation, and misdiagnosis can not only cause devastating harm to affected families but also undermine public trust in both medical and judicial systems.     Finite element (FE) method offers a promising approach to investigate the injury mechanisms of infants under various suspected abuse scenarios. By providing anatomically accurate geometries and realistic material properties, it enables simulations that replicate realistic infant responses and the associated injury mechanisms. 

The anatomical and biomechanical characteristics of infants differ substantially from those of adults, including a larger head-to-body mass ratio than adults, open sutures and fontanelles, less ossified cranial bones, and more vulnerable cervical spine. This thesis focuses on these distinct features, explores efficient methods for generating both subject-specific and statistically based infant FE models, and further applies biomechanical approaches to evaluate infant head and neck injuries under different scenarios. Specifically, the work comprises five studies. The first study develops a quantitative framework for measuring the morphological parameters of infant cranial sutures and fontanelles. The second study applies this framework to computed tomography (CT) images of infants in the first year of life to characterize growth charts and establish developmental trajectories for sutures and fontanelles.    The third study presents and validates a material model for the infant cranial vault and proposes a method to reconstruct vault fracture patterns for subject-specific infant  FE head models. The fourth study develops an automated algorithm to modify infant FE head models with varying suture morphologies and investigates the biomechanical influence of suture and fontanelle morphology on the infant head. The last study consists of two parts: (1) the development of a full-body FE model of a two-month-old infant with a validated cervical spine, and (2) transient dynamic analyses to investigate head and neck responses under multi-cycle vigorous shaking loads associated with AHT scenarios.

Collectively, the five studies establish an integrated biomechanical framework for assessing AHT in infants, progressing from quantitative anatomical data and medical imaging to subject-specific FE modeling and dynamic simulation applications. Studies I–III quantify skull, suture, and fontanelle morphology and growth, creating the anatomical and material foundations for subject-specific modeling.  Studies IV and V apply these material models and anatomical data to FE simulations that explore how morphological variability influence head biomechanics and how infant head and neck respond under inflicted shaking. Together, this thesis  demonstrates the potential of biomechanics, particularly the FE method,  and provides a comprehensive pipeline for  subject-specific assessment of infant head and neck injuries, supporting forensic analysis of AHT and advancing understanding of the underlying biomechanical mechanisms.

Abstract [sv]

Abusivt huvudtrauma (AHT) är en kontroversiell och vetenskapligt omstridd medicinsk diagnos, särskilt hos spädbarn. Befintliga symtombaserade diagnostiska metoder saknar rigorös vetenskaplig validering, och feldiagnoser kan inte bara orsaka förödande skador för drabbade familjer utan också underminera allmänhetens förtroende för både det medicinska och rättsliga systemet. Den finita elementmetoden (Finite Element, FE) erbjuder en lovande möjlighet att undersöka skade­mekanismer hos spädbarn under olika misstänkta misshandelsscenarier. Genom att tillhandahålla anatomiskt korrekta geometriska modeller och realistiska materialegenskaper möjliggör metoden simuleringar som kan återskapa spädbarnets fysiologiska respons och tillhörande skadeprocesser på ett realistiskt sätt.

Spädbarns anatomiska och biomekaniska egenskaper skiljer sig avsevärt från vuxnas, bland annat genom ett större huvud–kroppsförhållande, öppna suturer och fontaneller, mindre förbenade skallben samt en mer sårbar halsryggrad. Denna avhandling fokuserar på dessa unika egenskaper, utforskar effektiva metoder för att generera både individanpassade och statistiskt baserade finita elementmodeller av spädbarn, samt tillämpar biomekaniska metoder för att utvärdera huvud- och halskador under olika scenarier. Avhandlingen består av fem delstudier: Den första studien utvecklar ett kvantitativt ramverk för att mäta morfologiska parametrar hos spädbarns kraniala suturer och fontaneller. Den andra studien tillämpar detta ramverk på datortomografibilder (CT) av spädbarn under det första levnadsåret för att karakterisera tillväxtkurvor och etablera utvecklingsbanor för suturer och fontaneller. Den tredje studien presenterar och validerar en materialmodell för spädbarnets kranievalv samt föreslår en metod för att rekonstruera frakturmönster i valvet i individanpassade FE-modeller av spädbarnshuvuden.Den tredje studien presenterar och validerar en materialmodell för spädbarnets kranievalv samt föreslår en metod för att rekonstruera frakturmönster i valvet i individanpassade FE-modeller av spädbarnshuvuden. Den fjärde studien utvecklar en automatiserad algoritm för att modifiera spädbarns FE-huvudmodeller med varierande suturmorfologi och undersöker den biomekaniska betydelsen av suture- och fontanellmorfologi för spädbarnets huvud. Den femte studien består av två delar: (1) utvecklingen av en helkroppsmodell av ett två månader gammalt spädbarn med en validerad halsryggrad, och (2) transienta dynamiska analyser för att undersöka huvudets och halsens respons vid fler-cykliga kraftiga skakbelastningar som är förknippade med AHT-scenarier.  

Tillsammans etablerar de fem studierna ett integrerat biomekaniskt ramverk för att bedöma AHT hos spädbarn, från kvantitativa anatomiska data och medicinsk bildbehandling till individanpassad FE-modellering och dynamiska simulerings­tillämpningar. Studierna I–III kvantifierar skallens, suturernas och fontanellernas morfologi och tillväxt, vilket skapar de anatomiska och materiella grunderna för individanpassad modellering. Studierna IV och V tillämpar dessa materialmodeller och anatomiska data i FE-simuleringar som undersöker hur morfologisk variation påverkar huvudets biomekanik och hur spädbarnets huvud och nacke reagerar vid åsamkad skakning. Sammanfattningsvis visar denna avhandling på den stora potentialen hos biomekaniken – särskilt den finita elementmetoden – och presenterar en heltäckande process för individanpassad bedömning av spädbarns huvud- och halskador. Arbetet bidrar därmed till den forensiska analysen av AHT och till en fördjupad förståelse av de underliggande biomekaniska mekanismerna.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 57
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2025:30
Keywords [en]
Abusive head trauma, Finite element method, Suture and fontanelle, Infant skull fracture, Human body model, Infant head injury, Infant neck injury
Keywords [sv]
Abusivt huvudtrauma, Finita element-metoden, Sutur och fontanell, Spädbarnsskallfraktur, Helkroppsmodell, Spädbarnshuvudskada, Spädbarnsnackskada
National Category
Medical Modelling and Simulation
Research subject
Technology and Health
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372247ISBN: 978-91-8106-463-6 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-372247DiVA, id: diva2:2010399
Public defence
2025-12-08, T2, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66943371952, Hälsovägen 11C, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2025-11-12

Available from: 2025-11-12 Created: 2025-10-30 Last updated: 2025-11-12Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Quantitative morphological analysis framework of infant cranial sutures and fontanelles based on CT images
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Quantitative morphological analysis framework of infant cranial sutures and fontanelles based on CT images
2024 (English)In: Journal of Anatomy, ISSN 0021-8782, E-ISSN 1469-7580, Vol. 245, no 3, p. 377-391Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Characterizing the suture morphological variation is a crucial step to investigate the influence of sutures on infant head biomechanics. This study aimed to establish a comprehensive quantitative framework for accurately capturing the cranial suture and fontanelle morphologies in infants. A total of 69 CT scans of 2–4 month-old infant heads were segmented to identify semilandmarks at the borders of cranial sutures and fontanelles. Morphological characteristics, including length, width, sinuosity index (SI), and surface area, were measured. For this, an automatic method was developed to determine the junction points between sutures and fontanelles, and thin-plate-spline (TPS) was utilized for area calculation. Different dimensionality reduction methods were compared, including nonlinear and linear principal component analysis (PCA), as well as deep-learning-based variational autoencoder (VAE). Finally, the significance of various covariates was analyzed, and regression analysis was performed to establish a statistical model relating morphological parameters with global parameters. This study successfully developed a quantitative morphological framework and demonstrate its application in quantifying morphologies of infant sutures and fontanelles, which were shown to significantly relate to global parameters of cranial size, suture SI, and surface area for infants aged 2–4 months. The developed framework proved to be reliable and applicable in extracting infant suture morphology features from CT scans. The demonstrated application highlighted its potential to provide valuable insights into the morphologies of infant cranial sutures and fontanelles, aiding in the diagnosis of suture-related skull fractures. Infant suture, Infant fontanelle, Morphological variation, Morphology analysis framework, Statistical model.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2024
Keywords
infant fontanelle, infant suture, morphological variation, morphology analysis framework, statistical model
National Category
Surgery
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-366616 (URN)10.1111/joa.14056 (DOI)001215994300001 ()38720634 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85192823539 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250708

Available from: 2025-07-08 Created: 2025-07-08 Last updated: 2025-10-30Bibliographically approved
2. Growth Charts of Sutures and Fontanelles for The First Year of Infancy
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Growth Charts of Sutures and Fontanelles for The First Year of Infancy
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Pediatrics
Research subject
Technology and Health; Medical Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372235 (URN)
Note

QC 20251031

Available from: 2025-10-30 Created: 2025-10-30 Last updated: 2025-10-31Bibliographically approved
3. Infant skull fractures align with the direction of bone mineralization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Infant skull fractures align with the direction of bone mineralization
2024 (English)In: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, ISSN 1617-7959, E-ISSN 1617-7940Article in journal (Refereed) Published
National Category
Medical Modelling and Simulation
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372243 (URN)10.1007/s10237-024-01902-x (DOI)001362572000001 ()
Note

QC 20251031

Available from: 2025-10-30 Created: 2025-10-30 Last updated: 2025-12-05Bibliographically approved
4. Influence of suture and fontanelle morphological variabilities on infant head injury biomechanics
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Influence of suture and fontanelle morphological variabilities on infant head injury biomechanics
2024 (English)In: Journal of The Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, ISSN 1751-6161, E-ISSN 1878-0180Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
National Category
Medical Modelling and Simulation
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372245 (URN)10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107140 (DOI)001541188400001 ()40716290 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105011538105 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20251031

Available from: 2025-10-30 Created: 2025-10-30 Last updated: 2025-10-31Bibliographically approved
5. Infant head–neck biomechanics under vigorous shaking associated with abusive head trauma: a finite-element study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Infant head–neck biomechanics under vigorous shaking associated with abusive head trauma: a finite-element study
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Medical Modelling and Simulation
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372246 (URN)
Note

QC 20251031

Available from: 2025-10-30 Created: 2025-10-30 Last updated: 2025-10-31Bibliographically approved

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