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Analyzing Pandemic Covid-19 Cycling Trends and Their Determinants in Paris and Barcelona
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Urban Planning and Environment, Transport and Systems Analysis.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4094-1537
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Urban Planning and Environment.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5290-5704
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Urban Planning and Environment, Transport and Systems Analysis.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6177-1795
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The COVID-19 pandemic influenced urban mobility worldwide, prompting travel restrictions, physical distancing, and lockdowns. Active transport modes, particularly cycling, emerged as socially distanced and adaptable alternatives. In response, many cities rapidly implemented cycling-friendly measures, such as repurposing streets, e-bike subsidies, and traffic-calming initiatives. Investigating these trends statistically, this study centers on three hypotheses: (1) pandemic conditions spurred a notable rise in cycling relative to pre-pandemic levels; (2) new biking infrastructure and lockdown policy interventions were drivers of this rise; and (3) an important motivation for biking under the pandemic was essential errands, like shopping for groceries. Drawing on publicly available weekly bicycle counts from Paris and Barcelona, we employed time series regression models to address our hypotheses. Results confirmed a substantial surge in cycling in both cities. Lockdown policy stringency was associated with increased cycling in both cities. Paris seemed to show a stronger sensitivity to infrastructure interventions. The findings underscore that this devastating health crisis also served as a catalyst for a shift toward more sustainable travel.

Keywords [en]
Urban cycling, COVID-19, Cycling infrastructure, Lockdown stringency, Time-series analysis
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372677OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-372677DiVA, id: diva2:2013219
Note

QC 20251112

Available from: 2025-11-12 Created: 2025-11-12 Last updated: 2025-11-12Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Determinants and deterrents of urban cycling: evidence from Europe
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Determinants and deterrents of urban cycling: evidence from Europe
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Urban cycling contributes to climate-neutral and resilient mobility, and its uptake hinges on a blend of behavioural, environmental, and infrastructural forces. This licentiate thesis brings together evidence from three empirical studies conducted in Braga, Istanbul, and Tallinn (papers A and B), as well as Paris and Barcelona (paper C) to identify and quantify drivers of cycling and to translate findings into insights that matter for policy. The first paper shows that a GPS-verified, gamified reward scheme, involving roughly 1,500 participants increased weekday cycling. The second paper applied mixed ordinal probit models to six months of data from the same reward scheme and finds that higher wind speeds and private-car ownership reduce weekly cycling, whereas public-transport use boosts it. The third paper employs ARIMAX time-series models of bicycle counts and identifies a pandemic step change, accounting for about 35,000 added bicycle trips per week in Paris and 26,000 trip per week in Barcelona. It also finds the added effects of infrastructure initiatives and lockdown stringency. The three studies highlight three overarching drivers of cycling: behavioral incentives, environmental conditions, and rapid-built infrastructure. These factors contribute to explaining when, where, and for whom cycling gains materialize. This thesis contributes with robust multi-city evidence, suggesting that targeted rewards, wind-protected lane design, car-access management, and transit integration can speed up modal shifts. It provides guidance to sustain and grow urban cycling across diverse city contexts, aligned with European climate goals.

Abstract [sv]

Stadscykling är bidrar till klimatneutral och resilient mobilitet, men dess utbredning beror på ett samspel mellan beteendemässiga, miljömässiga och infrastrukturella faktorer. Denna licentiatuppsats sammanför evidens från tre empiriska studier i Braga, Istanbul, och Tallinn (paper A & B), samt Paris och Barcelona (paper C) för att identifiera och kvantifiera drivkrafterna för ökadcykling och översätta resultaten till policyrelevanta insikter. Den förstaartikeln visar att ett GPS-verifierat, spelifierat belöningsprogram med cirka 1500 deltagare ökade vardagscyklingen under arbetsdagar. Den andra artikeln använder mixed ordered logit på sex månaders data från samma program och finner att högre vindhastigheter och tillgång till privat bil minskar cykling, medan användning av kollektivtrafik ökar den. Den tredje artikeln använder ARIMAX-tidsseriemodeller på cykelräkningar och påvisar ett strukturellt nivåskifte under pandemin, med cirka 35 000 fler cykelresor per vecka i Parisoch 26 000 per vecka i Barcelona, samt ytterligare bidrag fråninfrastruktursatsningar och graden av nedstängningsåtgärder. Tillsammans lyfter studierna tre övergripande drivkrafter i cykelsystemet: beteendeincitament, miljöförhållanden och snabbt etablerad infrastruktur. Dessa faktorer hjälper till att förklara när, var och för vilka grupper ökningar i cykling materialiseras. Uppsatsen bidrar med robust evidens från olika städeri Europa och indikerar att riktade belöningar, vindskyddade cykelbanor, bilpoolsystem och bättre integration mellan cykelvägar och kollektivtrafik kan påskynda färdmedelsskiften. Den ger vägledning för att vidmakthålla och öka stadscyklingen i olika stadskontexter, i linje med de europeiska klimatmålen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 88
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2544
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Transport Science, Transport Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372493 (URN)978-91-8106-470-4 (ISBN)
Presentation
2025-12-01, D37, Lindstedtsvägen 5, KTH Campus, public video conferece link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65572735770, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20251112

Available from: 2025-11-12 Created: 2025-11-07 Last updated: 2025-12-16Bibliographically approved

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Davoudizavareh, MattEngström, EmmaSharmeen, Fariya

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