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A Cyanobacterial Screening Platform for Rubisco Mutant Variants
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Systems Biology. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9658-2695
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Coating Technology. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.ORCID iD: 0009-0005-8564-1636
KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Systems Biology.ORCID iD: 0009-0002-4143-9979
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Systems Biology. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4105-7567
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2025 (English)In: ACS Synthetic Biology, E-ISSN 2161-5063, Vol. 14, no 7, p. 2619-2633Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Rubisco is the main entry point of inorganic carbon into the biosphere and a central player in the global carbon system. The relatively low specific activity and tendency to accept O2 as a substrate have made Rubisco an attractive but challenging target for enzyme engineering. We have developed an enzyme engineering and screening platform for Rubisco using the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Starting with the Form II Rubisco from Gallionella, we first show that the enzyme can replace the native Form I Rubisco in Synechocystis and that growth rates become sensitive to CO2 and O2 levels. We address the challenge of designing a zero-shot input library of the Gallionella Rubisco, without prior experimental knowledge, by coupling the phylogenetically guided model EV mutation with "in silico evolution". This multisite mutagenesis library of Synechocystis (n = 16) was subjected to competitive growth in different gas feeds coupled to deep sequencing, in order to compare Rubisco variants. We identified an amino acid exchange that increased the thermostability of Gallionella Rubisco and conveyed resilience to otherwise detrimental amino acid exchanges. The platform is a first step toward high-throughput screening of Rubisco variants in Synechocystis and creating optimized enzyme variants to accelerate the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle in cyanobacteria and possibly chloroplasts.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS) , 2025. Vol. 14, no 7, p. 2619-2633
Keywords [en]
rubisco, high-throughput screening, cyanobacteria, Synechocystis, protein engineering, enzyme engineering
National Category
Applied Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-371874DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5c00065ISI: 001531815400001PubMedID: 40622942Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105010717300OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-371874DiVA, id: diva2:2013234
Note

QC 20251112

Available from: 2025-11-12 Created: 2025-11-12 Last updated: 2026-02-17Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Proteomics assisted synthetic biology applied to autotrophic bacteria
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Proteomics assisted synthetic biology applied to autotrophic bacteria
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Civilization and Earth’s natural environments are under threat by rapid climate change induced by human activity. A substantial driver for this change is greenhouse gas emissions, which motivates the development of sustainable alternatives for producing chemicals, fuels and materials. One such alternative is using engineered microbial cell factories that fix CO2 directly from the atmosphere into desirable products while utilizing sunlight for energy. This approach solves one of the inherent problems with other forms of bio-based production: the need for arable land. However, engineering these bacteria for human gain is not a trivial challenge: they have evolved over billions of years to be expert survivors with little interest in maximizing productivity of foreign compounds. Achieving sustainable and economically viable chemical production with such organisms requires a deep understanding of how protein activity, resource allocation and stress responses are regulated, and how such regulation can be manipulated.

In this thesis, proteomics has been a central toolkit, used both for discovery and diagnosis to investigate regulatory mechanisms in autotrophic bacteria. Special emphasis has been placed on carbon fixation and growth-arrest strategies in cyanobacteria, primarily Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, with the aim of identifying metabolic control points and leveraging them to achieve high and stable productivity.

The first study applied interaction proteomics to identify metabolite-protein interactions across the bacterial Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. This revealed multiple instances of potential allosteric regulation of central enzymes, some of which were successfully validated biochemically. Among them was a redoxdependent activation of fructose-/sedoheptulose-bisphosphatase by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, implying a feed-forward activation mechanism that is coordinated with cellular energy supply.

The second developed a screening platform for Rubisco mutants in Synechocystis, enabling evaluation of large variant libraries through in vivo fitness. Quantitative proteomics was used to characterize the platform and thereby reveal that changing the gas composition of the culture headspace could tune fitness selection toward different enzyme properties. Subsequent work demonstrated this platform's capacity to use high-throughput libraries to identify Rubisco variants with enhanced kinetics. 

The third study assayed protein thermal stability in a proteome-wide manner to identify binding targets of the alarmone ppGpp in cyanobacteria and plant chloroplasts. The screens revealed potential interactions that were conserved across species, as well as interactions unique to specific species. Validation experiments confirmed a major post-translational regulatory mechanism on pyrimidine metabolism in chloroplasts: ppGpp inhibits aspartate carbamoyltransferase (PyrB), implying a mechanism for throttling nucleotide supply under stress. In addition, significant effects on carboxysome organization and structure was discovered in cyanobacteria.

Finally, the fourth study utilized a global labeling strategy for quantitative proteomics that enabled proteome-wide estimation of protein turnover rates. In combination with proteome allocation analysis, lactate production measurements and YFP expression levels, two different growth-arrest strategies were characterized. This revealed a (p)ppGpp-accumulating mutant capable of sustained and elevated lactate productivity that reallocated resources from growth-associated machinery toward product while maintaining photosynthetic capacity and cell viability. This work provides valuable insights into the dynamic resource allocation of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts that can be used to inform future engineering efforts.

Abstract [sv]

Civilisation och jordens naturliga miljöer hotas av snabb klimatförändring som drivs av mänsklig aktivitet. En betydande drivkraft bakom denna förändring är utsläpp av växthusgaser, vilket motiverar utvecklingen av hållbara alternativ för produktion av kemikalier, bränslen och material. Ett sådant alternativ är att använda genetiskt modifierade mikrobiella cellfabriker som fixerar CO₂ direkt från atmosfären till önskvärda produkter samtidigt som de utnyttjar solljus som energikälla. Detta tillvägagångssätt löser ett av de oundvikliga problemen med andra former av biobaserad produktion: användandet av odlingsbar mark. Att omvandla dessa bakterier för mänsklig nytta är dock ingen enkel utmaning; de har utvecklats under flera miljarder år till att vara experter på överlevnad och har lågt intresse av att maximera produktiviteten av främmande molekyler. Att uppnå hållbar och ekonomiskt gångbar kemikalieproduktion med sådana organismer kräver en djup förståelse för hur proteinaktivitet, resursallokering och reaktioner till stress regleras, samt hur sådan reglering kan manipuleras.

I denna avhandling har proteomik varit ett centralt verktyg, använt både för upptäckt och diagnostik för att undersöka regulatoriska mekanismer i autotrofa bakterier. Särskild betoning har lagts på fixering av koldioxid samt strategier för att avstanna tillväxt i cyanobakterier, främst Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, i syfte att identifiera metabola kontrollpunkter och utnyttja dem för att uppnå hög och stabil produktivitet.

Den första studien tillämpade interaktionsproteomik för att identifiera metabolit-protein-interaktioner över den bakteriella Calvin-BensonBasshamcykeln. Detta synliggjorde flera fall av potentiell allosterisk reglering av centrala enzymer, varav några framgångsrikt validerades biokemiskt. Bland dessa fanns en redoxberoende aktivering av fruktos-/sedoheptulos-bisfosfatas av glyceraldehyd-3-fosfat, vilket antyder en feed-forward-aktiveringsmekanism som är koordinerad med cellens energitillgång.

Den andra studien utvecklade en screeningplattform för Rubisco-mutanter i Synechocystis, vilket möjliggjorde utvärdering av stora bibliotek av varianter efter in vivo-fitness. Kvantitativ proteomik användes för att karakterisera plattformen och visade därigenom att ändring av gassammansättningen i odlingens huvudutrymme kunde styra fitness-selektionen mot olika enzymegenskaper. Efterföljande arbete påvisade plattformens kapacitet att med hjälp av high-throughput-bibliotek identifiera Rubisco-varianter med förbättrade kinetiska egenskaper.

Den tredje studien analyserade proteiners termiska stabilitet på proteomskala för att identifiera bindningsmål för alarmonen ppGpp i cyanobakterier och kloroplaster. Screeningen visade potentiella interaktioner som var bevarade mellan arter, liksom interaktioner som var unika för specifika arter. Valideringsexperiment bekräftade en viktig post-translationell regleringsmekanism av pyrimidinmetabolismen i kloroplaster: ppGpp hämmar aspartatkarbamoyltransferas (PyrB), vilket antyder en mekanism för att strypa tillgången av nukleotider under stress. Dessutom upptäcktes betydande effekter på karboxysomens organisering och struktur i cyanobakterier. 

Slutligen utnyttjade den fjärde studien en global märkningsstrategi för kvantitativ proteomik som möjliggjorde proteomomfattande uppskattning av proteiners omsättningshastigheter. I kombination med analys av allokering av proteomresurser, mätningar av laktatproduktion och uttrycksnivåer av YFP karakteriserades två olika strategier för avstannad tillväxt. Genom detta upptäcktes en (p)ppGpp-ackumulerande mutant som kunde upprätthålla en förhöjd och stabil laktatproduktivitet genom att omfördela resurser från cellulärt maskineri associerad med tillväxt mot produkt, samtidigt som fotosyntetisk kapacitet och cellviabilitet bibehölls. Detta arbete ger värdefulla insikter i den dynamiska resursallokeringen hos cyanobakterier och kloroplaster som kan användas för att informera framtida ingenjörsinsatser.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. 81
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2026:10
National Category
Molecular Biology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-376793 (URN)978-91-8106-544-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-03-13, F3, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67304533921, Lindstedtvägen 26, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic ResearchNovo Nordisk Foundation
Note

QC 2026-02-17

Available from: 2026-02-17 Created: 2026-02-17 Last updated: 2026-03-04Bibliographically approved

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Hoffmann, Ute A.Schuppe, Anna Z.Knave, AxelSporre, EmilBrismar, HjalmarEnglund, EliasSyrén, Per-OlofHudson, Elton P.

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