kth.sePublications KTH
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Carbon trapping at the solid–liquid interface in cemented carbides
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Properties.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3726-9869
2026 (English)In: Computational materials science, ISSN 0927-0256, E-ISSN 1879-0801, Vol. 262, article id 114388Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Inter-diffusion between the hard ceramic and ductile metallic phases in composite materials such as cemented carbides governs their mechanical properties. Understanding atomic-scale diffusion at these interfaces is key to uncovering the mechanisms that dictate microstructure evolution, establishing a foundation for tailoring the properties of WC Co composites through precise interfacial control. The interface between tungsten carbide (WC) and liquid cobalt (Co) is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. An integrated approach is presented for computing the solid–liquid interfacial free energy by combining computer vision aided interface detection with the Capillary fluctuation method. Significant inter-diffusion is observed, with atomic displacements primarily localized at the interface for W and C, while Co exhibits homogeneous behavior in the liquid phase. The formation of C C bonded structures at the interface is identified as a critical factor influencing diffusion, introducing localized structural rigidity that reduces atomic mobility. Additionally, premelting phenomena below bulk melting temperatures gives rise to a heterogeneous interfacial zone containing residual solid WC patches and molten W-Co alloy. The inter-diffusion coefficients for W, C, and Co compare well with prior computational and experimental studies, validating the methodology. These findings offer new insights into the atomic-scale mechanisms driving interface evolution and provide a foundation for tailoring the properties of WC Co composites through precise interfacial control.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2026. Vol. 262, article id 114388
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-373823DOI: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2025.114388ISI: 001630604900002Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105023512379OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-373823DiVA, id: diva2:2020510
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2022-06725Swedish Research Council, 2018-05973Vinnova, 2016- 00668KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Note

QC 20251215

Available from: 2025-12-10 Created: 2025-12-10 Last updated: 2025-12-22Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Atomic Scale Investigation of Defects in High-Performance Materials
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Atomic Scale Investigation of Defects in High-Performance Materials
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Transition metal carbides of groups 4 and 5 (TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC, TaC) with the rocksalt (B1) structure are critical refractory materials for extreme temperature applications due to their exceptional hardness, high melting points, and thermal stability. This high-temperature behavior governed by point defects and diffusion has long been preplexing, with experimental metal self-diffusion activation energies ( 7.5 eV in TiC and ZrC) and anomalously high prefactors (entropy 10–14.5 𝑘𝐵 in TiC)conflicting with traditional ab initio predictions assuming unreconstructed vacancies.

This thesis focuses on these discrepancies through systematic density functional theory (DFT) investigations, revealing that metal vacancies in group 4 and certain group 5 carbides spontaneously reconstruct by displacing neighboring carbon atoms to form strong C–C bonds. A combinatorial enumeration in TiC identified a rich landscape of reconstructed configurations, with the ground-state structure featuring a planar graphene-like C dimer lowering the Ti vacancy formation energy by 3.5 eV relative to the unreconstructed state. This reconstruction dramatically reduces Schottky defect formation energies from 7–8 eV (unreconstructed) to 3.98 eV (TiC), 6.08 eV (ZrC), 7.14 eV (HfC), and 1.97 eV (VC), while NbC and TaC retain unreconstructed vacancies ( 2.7 eV). Trends across the MeX (X = C, N, O) series correlate with valence electron count and bond covalency. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) at 1500–3000 K demonstrate that the C-dimer in the 2G structure undergoes thermally activated rotation above 1500 K, periodically opening the vacancy site and enabling Ti jumps into metastable open configurations with migration barriers of 3.5–4.0 eV. The resulting activation energy of 7.5 eV in agreement with experimental values. The anomalously high diffusion entropy arises from the large configurational and vibrational entropy of the reconstructed vacancy ensemble, particularly the dimer’s rotational degree of freedom (rotational diffusion coefficient 1.5 × 1012 s−1 at 2500 K) and numerous low-energy C-bonded metastable states. Reconstruction also induces strong short range repulsion between vacancies,preventing clustering and restoring the classical dissociated Schottky picture contrary to earlier cluster-based models. These findings establish a monovacancy mediated diffusion mechanism driven by dynamic carbon reconstruction as the dominant metal transport pathway in group 4 carbides. The insights are extended to technologically vital WC–Co cemented carbides, where vacancy-reconstruction-mediated processes at the surface of WC particles and WC/Co interfaces control Ostwald ripening,abnormal grain growth, and phase stability during liquid-phase sintering. The reconstructed vacancy framework provides a new atomic-scale foundation for defect engineering of refractory carbides, enabling predictive modeling of creep, sintering,and microstructural evolution in ultra-high-temperature ceramics and cemented carbides for aerospace, nuclear, and cutting-tool applications.

Abstract [sv]

Övergångsmetallkarbider i grupp 4 och 5 (TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC, TaC) med bergsaltstrukturen (B1) är –tack vare deras exceptionella hårdhet, höga smältpunkter och termiska stabilitet– viktiga eldfasta material för extrema högtemperaturtillämpningar. Detta högtemperaturbeteende, som styrs av punktdefekter och diffusion, har länge varit förbryllande eftersom experimentella aktiveringsenergier för metalsjälvdiffusion ( 7,5 eV i TiC och ZrC) och onormalt höga prefaktorer (entropi 14.5 𝑘𝐵 i TiC) står i konflikt med traditionella ab initio-förutsägelser som pekar på icke-rekonstruerade vakansstrukturer. Denna avhandling fokuserar på dessa avvikelser genom systematiska beräkningar med täthetsfunktionalteori (DFT). De visar att platser där metall är vakant i grupp 4 och vissa grupp 5-karbider spontant rekonstrueras genom att närliggande kolatomer förskjuts och bildar starka C–C-bindningar. En kombinatorisk numrering i TiC identifierade flera rekonstruerade konfigurationer, där grundtillstånds strukturen uppvisar en plan, grafenliknande C-dimer som sänker bildningsenergin för en Ti-vakans med 3,5 eV jämfört med det icke-rekonstruerade tillståndet. Denna rekonstruktion reducerar Schottkydefekternas bildningsenergier drastiskt från 7–8 eV (icke-rekonstruerat) till 3,98 eV (TiC), 6,08 eV (ZrC), 7,14 eV (HfC) och 1,97 eV(VC), medan NbC och TaC bibehåller icke-rekonstruerade vakanser ( 2,7 eV). Trenderöver MeX-serien (X = C, N, O) korrelerar med valenselektrontal och bindningskovalens. Ab initio-molekyldynamik (AIMD) vid 1500–3000 K visar att C-dimern i 2G-strukturen genomgår termiskt aktiverad rotation över 1500 K, vilket periodiskt öppnar en vakant plats och möjliggör Ti-hopp till metastabila öppna konfigurationer med migrationsbarriärer på 3,5–4,0 eV. Den resulterande aktiveringsenergin på 7,5 eV stämmer perfekt överens med experimentellt uppmätta värden. Den onormalt höga diffusionsentropin härrör från den stora konfigurationsoch vibrationsentropin i det rekonstruerade vakans-ensemblet. Särskilt härör den från dimerns rotationsfrihetsgrad (rotationsdiffusionskoefficient 1.5 × 1012 s−1 vid 2500 K) och de många lågenergi C-bindningar i metastabila tillstånd.

Rekonstruktionen inducerar också en stark kortdistansrepulsion mellan vakanser, vilket förhindrar klustring och återställer den klassiska bilden av dissocierade Schottkydefekter – i motsats till tidigare klusterbaserade modeller. Dessa resultat fastställer en monovakansmedierad diffusionsmekanism, driven av dynamisk kolrekonstruktion, som den dominerande vägen för metalltransport i grupp 4-karbider. Insikterna utvidgas till teknologiskt viktiga WC–Co-hårdmetaller, där rekonstruktionsmedierade vakansprocesser vid ytan av WC-partiklar och WC/Co-gränsytor styr Ostwald-mognad, onormal korn-växt och fasstabilitet under sintring i vätskefas. Det rekonstruerade vakansramverket tillhandahåller en ny atomskalig grund för utvärdering av defekter i eldfasta karbider och möjliggör prediktiv modellering av kryp, sintring och mikrostrukturell utveckling i ultrahögtemperaturkeramer och hårdmetaller för rymd-, kärn-och skärverktygstillämpningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. xvii, 121
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2026:1
National Category
Materials Engineering
Research subject
Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-374648 (URN)978-91-8106-508-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-01-30, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66026793395, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-01-07 Created: 2025-12-19 Last updated: 2026-01-28Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(4914 kB)27 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 4914 kBChecksum SHA-512
91a46d24254bb40b1ace85afddcaa7df3579b84c8cddd3dc1316a4e71fabaa366365ab33d7c5237633a130b9cfd8c7f0d14e74ab2d5712bf3269a6287f471c66
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Other links

Publisher's full textScopus

Authority records

Nourazar, Mehdi

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Nourazar, Mehdi
By organisation
Properties
In the same journal
Computational materials science
Materials Engineering

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

doi
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
urn-nbn
Total: 949 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf