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Hemodynamics in femoro-femoral venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation using large eddy simulations
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics. (FLOW)ORCID iD: 0009-0000-9546-2002
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics. Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale (LIB), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; ICAN Imaging, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; School of Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. (FLOW)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5409-8280
Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Unit of Radiology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5685-7255
Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Unit of Radiology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3409-1938
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2025 (English)In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 15, no 1, article id 35229Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used for support in refractory severe respiratory failure. Venous drainage and return are accomplished through cannulation of patient’s major veins, typically on the neck and/or the groins. Cannulation configuration may affect treatment efficiency, but it remains unclear if any strategy is superior. Computational fluid dynamics was used to evaluate and compare the femoro-femoral (FF), jugulo-femoral (JF), and femoro-jugular (FJ) cannulation configurations. Cannulae were modelled in an adult patient-averaged geometry of the right atrium and venae cavae. Large eddy simulations were performed at ECMO flow rates of 2–6 L/min. Time-averaged flow data was collected for assessment of flow parameters associated with clinical efficiency. FF cannulation showed lower recirculation than FJ and JF. Negative pressures in the inferior vena cava, associated with an increased risk of vascular collapse, were more pronounced in the FF configuration. Additionally, wall shear stresses exceeded physiological levels even at low flow rates and increased with higher flow, increasing the risk of blood trauma. Shear stress varied significantly inside the drainage cannula, highlighting sensitivity to local flow dynamics. This study advances our understanding of three common VV ECMO configurations, giving insights to improve efficiency and address clinical challenges.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature , 2025. Vol. 15, no 1, article id 35229
National Category
Fluid Mechanics Anesthesiology and Intensive Care
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-374172DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-22403-6ISI: 001591483100032PubMedID: 41068411Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105018254691OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-374172DiVA, id: diva2:2022071
Funder
EU, Horizon Europe
Note

QC 20251217

Available from: 2025-12-16 Created: 2025-12-16 Last updated: 2025-12-17Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Numerical modeling of atrial dynamics and venous cannulation for extracorporeal life support
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Numerical modeling of atrial dynamics and venous cannulation for extracorporeal life support
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

 Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a life saving therapy for critically ill patients with refractory respiratory failure. To support gas exchange, blood is drained from the patient via a cannula and circulated outside the body through a membrane lung, after which the blood is returned to the patient. The exposure of blood to non-physiological conditions triggers blood damage and thrombus formation in the circuit. While cannula placement induces different blood flow dynamics, and thus distinct complications, the decision of cannula configuration often lands on the preferences of the medical center.

From medical imaging, a patient-averaged model was derived and cannulae were inserted in femoro-femoral (FF) configuration. Previously studied configurations (femoro-jugular and jugulo-femoral) were re-simulated in the updated geometry. Through large eddy simulations (LES), a direct comparison of configurations could be made. The focus was specifically on clinically relevant metrics for oxygenation performance, thrombus formation and blood damage. FF generated more pronounced negative pressures in the inferior vana cava, associated with a risk of vessel collapse. Wall shear stresses, linked to thrombosis and plaque formation, exceeded recommended limits even at low ECMO flow rates. Furthering our understanding of induced flow dynamics from cannulation by such means may provide insights on optimal cannulation strategies, aiding clinicians in making informed decisions.

Exact modeling of vascular walls and blood is challenging due to the complexity and variability of the cardiovascular system, which has led to a common modeling simplification being treating walls and heart chambers as rigid. While this assumption facilitates computational modeling, it is important to assess its validity. A dynamic model of the right atrium (RA) was thus created using mesh morphing, mirroring known motion of the atrial wall. Through LES simulations, hemodynamic metrics were compared to a rigid counterpart model, establishing a sensitivity assessment of the rigid wall assumption for RA modeling. The rigid model underestimated fluid activity in the auricle, leading to an underestimation in wall shear stress and an overestimation of blood residence time and stagnation in this region. These results provide guidance on the validity of the rigid wall assumption, to increase our understanding of which sensitivities are important to consider for specific modeling applications. 

Abstract [sv]

Venovenös extrakorporeal membranoxygenering (ECMO) är en livräddande behandling för kritiskt sjuka patienter med refraktär respiratorisk svikt. För att stödja gasutbytet dräneras blod från patienten via en kanyl och pumpas utanför kroppen genom en membranlunga, varefter blodet återförs till patienten. Exponering av blod för icke-fysiologiska förhållanden kan inducera blodskada och trombbildning i kretsen. Samtidigt som kanylplacering ger upphov till olika blodflödesdynamik, och därmed olika komplikationer, baseras valet av kanylkonfiguration ofta på det medicinska centrats preferenser.

Utifrån medicinska bilddata konstruerades en medelvärderad patientmodell och kanyler insattes i femoro-femoral (FF) konfiguration. Tidigare studerade konfigurationer (femoro-jugular och jugulo-femoral) simulerades om i den uppdaterade geometrin. Genom large eddy simuleringar (LES) kunde en direkt jämförelse göras mellan konfigurationer. Fokus låg särskilt på kliniskt relevanta mått för syresättningsförmåga, trombbildning och blodskada. FF genererade större negativa tryck i nedre hålvenen, vilket är förknippat med risk för kärlkollaps. Väggskjuvspänningar, kopplade till trombos och plackbildning överskred rekommenderade gränser även vid låga ECMO flöden. Fördjupad förståelse av inducerad flödesdynamik från kanylering kan ge insikter om optimala kanyleringsstrategier och därigenom hjälpa kliniker att fatta välgrundade beslut.

Exakt modellering av kärlväggar och blod är utmanande på grund av kardiovaskulära systemets komplexitet och variabilitet, vilket har lett till en modelleringsförenkling där väggar och hjärtkammare behandlas som stela. Även om detta antagande förenklar beräkningar är det viktigt att utvärdera dess validitet. En dynamisk modell av höger förmak (HF) skapades därför med mesh morfning, som speglar känd rörelse från bilder. Genom LES simuleringar jämfördes hemodynamiska parametrar med en motsvarande stel modell, vilket möjliggjorde en känslighetsanalys av antagandet om stela väggar vid HF modellering. Den stela modellen underskattade flödesaktivitet i höger förmaks hjärtöra, vilket ledde till en underskattning av väggskjuvspänningen och en överskattning av blodets uppehållstid och stagnation i detta område. Dessa resultat ger vägledning kring känsligheten av antagandet om stela väggar och fördjupar samtidigt förståelsen av vilka känsligheter som är viktiga att beakta för specifika tillämpningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2025
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:73
Keywords
Computational fluid dynamics, hemodynamics, cannulation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, right atrium, mesh morphing
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-374176 (URN)978-91-8106-494-0 (ISBN)
Presentation
2026-01-26, D3, Lindstedtvägen 5, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
EU, Horizon Europe, ERC CoG 2021: Project 101045453 - fitsCAN
Note

QC 251216

Available from: 2025-12-16 Created: 2025-12-16 Last updated: 2026-01-12Bibliographically approved

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Hörwing, HannaParker, Louis P.Prahl Wittberg, Lisa

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