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Robots as Hosts in Autonomous Buses: A Field Trial
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Speech, Music and Hearing, TMH. Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0112-6732
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Centres, Integrated Transport Research Lab, ITRL.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4149-0005
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Human Centered Technology, Media Technology and Interaction Design, MID.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7549-1797
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Human Centered Technology, Media Technology and Interaction Design, MID.ORCID iD: 0009-0007-6429-2902
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2026 (English)In: ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction, E-ISSN 2573-9522, Vol. 15, no 1, article id 19Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In Autonomous Public Transport (APT), particularly with shuttle buses, passengers travel in smaller, more intimate vehicles—and in the future, such vehicles may operate without an authoritative driver or host. This setup may lead to potential safety concerns, as passengers are left alone together. Additionally, this future absence of a driver or host means that there is no one to address questions or uncertainties that may arise. One proposed solution is introducing a robot onboard the bus, serving a similar role to a human host. To explore this solution, an experiment was conducted in Barkarby, Stockholm, Sweden. Passengers, generally unfamiliar with APT or social robots, experienced two short rides on a bus equipped with either an embodied Furhat robot as the host or a disembodied voice agent in the ceiling. Data were collected from passenger-agent interactions, post-questionnaires, and semi-structured focus group interviews. Results indicate a division in passenger preferences, with some favoring the robot and others the voice assistant. Passengers asked more questions to the robot, suggesting a clearer affordance for interaction. While the questionnaires did not show significant differences, passenger behaviors indicated that they anthropomorphized the robot more. The interviews revealed that passengers felt more secure with a human operator and doubted the robot’s authority during incidents with aggressive passengers or accidents. Our findings show that social robots can help make autonomous buses feel more welcoming and interactive. Future APT systems have many design issues that need to be resolved before riders can find them safe and appropriate to use, and social robots can play a role in resolving such issues—both the ones we see today, and potentially ones that will appear in the future.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) , 2026. Vol. 15, no 1, article id 19
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Computer and Information Sciences
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URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-374877DOI: 10.1145/3759158Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105028005492OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-374877DiVA, id: diva2:2025320
Note

QC 20260129

Available from: 2026-01-06 Created: 2026-01-06 Last updated: 2026-01-29Bibliographically approved

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Axelsson, AgnesVaddadi, BhavanaBogdan, Cristian MTobin, DeirdreSkantze, Gabriel

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Axelsson, AgnesVaddadi, BhavanaBogdan, Cristian MTobin, DeirdreSkantze, Gabriel
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Speech, Music and Hearing, TMHIntegrated Transport Research Lab, ITRLMedia Technology and Interaction Design, MID
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ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction
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