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Insights into Uranus’ atmosphere from HST FUV observations and radiative transfer modelling
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Space and Plasma Physics.ORCID iD: 0009-0004-4212-3604
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Uranus is one of the extreme worlds in the Solar System. Its large axial tilt of 98o and orbital period of 84 years lead to unique seasons. It has been visited only by the Voyager 2 spacecraft and remains one of the poorly understood planets in the Solar System. Uranus’ atmosphere is primarily composed of atomic and molecular hydrogen (H and H2, respectively), helium (He), and methane (CH4). One of the strongest emission lines from the Sun in the ultraviolet is Lyman alpha (Lyα, 1215.67 Å). It is efficiently scattered by H and H2, and absorbed by hydrocarbons (mostly, CH4) in planetary atmospheres. This makes remote sensing observations at Lyα and associated wavelengths an excellent tool to study giant planets’ upper atmospheres. At giant planets, the upper atmosphere plays a key role in various processes such as photochemistry, interaction with the plasma environment and possibly solar wind, magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling, atmospheric escape, and interaction with ring particles. In this thesis, we analysed Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of Uranus obtained at Lyα and 1280 Å wavelengths, and performed radiative transfer simulations considering resonant scattering by H, Rayleigh-Raman scattering by H2, and absorption by CH4. The results and insights into Uranus’ neutral upper atmosphere gained from the work are presented in a series of papers.

Our analyses of the first spatially resolved images of Uranus’ Lyα emissions, obtained in 1998 and 2011, revealed an extended exosphere of gravitationally bound hot H. The abundance of this hot H varied with time and cannot be explained by production mechanisms involving solar UV radiation alone, pointing to additional energetic processes (Paper I). Further, we analysed Uranus’ Raman-scattered Lyα emissions at 1280 Å, unique among the Solar System giant planets. Using the observed brightness of these emissions, we constrained the vertical distribution of methane in Uranus’ upper atmosphere, providing key inputs for photochemical modelling (Paper II). Our 2024 HST observations revealed a significant increase in exospheric hot H abundance compared to 1998 and 2011, indicating an increase in energetic processes creating this hot H. We also found a persistent azimuthal variation in the exospheric Lyα emissions. Thus, we provide tentative evidence of the role of energetic particles in the Uranian magnetosphere in producing the hot H observed in the exosphere (Paper III).

Abstract [sv]

Uranus är en av de mest extrema planeterna i solsystemet. Dess stora axellutning på 98o och omloppstid på 84 jordår leder till unika årstider. Planeten har endast besökts av rymdsonden Voyager 2 och är alltjämt en av de planeter i solsystemet vi vet minst om. Uranus atmosfär består huvudsakligen av atomärt och molekylärt väte (H och H2, respektive), helium (He) och metan (CH4). Den starka Lyman-alfa-strålningen (Lyα, 1215.67 Å) från solen sprids effektivt av H och H2 och absorberas av kolväten (mestadels CH4). Detta gör fjärranalysobservationer via Lyα och relaterade våglängder till ett utmärkt verktyg för att studera Uranus övre atmosfär. På jätteplaneter spelar den övre atmosfären en nyckelroll i olika processer såsom fotokemi, växelverkanmed plasmamiljön och solvinden, kopplingen mellan magnetosfären och jonosfären, atmosfärsflykt och växelverkan med partiklar från planetens ringar. I denna avhandling studerade vi Uranus neutrala övre atmosfär med hjälp av observationer gjorda av Hubbleteleskopet (HST) vid våglängderna Lyα och 1280 Å. Vi gjorde även simuleringar av strålningstransport där vi tog hänsyn till resonansspridning av H, Rayleigh-Raman-spridning av H2 och absorption av CH4. Våra resultat presenteras i en serie artiklar.

Våra analyser av de första rumsligt upplösta bilderna av Lyα emissioner från 1998 och 2011 avslöjade en utsträckt exosfär av gravitationsbundet hett väte, vars förekomst varierade med tiden och inte kan förklaras av produktionsmekanismer som enbart involverar solens UV-strålning, vilket pekar på att ytterligareenergetiska processer påverkar systemet (Paper I). Vidare analyserade vi Uranus Ramanspridda Lyα-emissioner vid 1280 Å, som förekommer unikt vid Uranus bland solsystemets jätteplaneter. Med hjälp av den observerade styrkan hos dessa emissioner begränsade vi den vertikala fördelningen av metan i Uranus övre atmosfär, vilket gav viktiga indataför fotokemisk modellering (Paper II). Våra HST observationer från 2024 avslöjade en signifikant ökning av förekomsten av exosfäriskt hett väte jämfört med 1998 och 2011, vilket indikerar en ökad betydelse av de energiska processer som skapar detta heta väte. Vi upptäckte också en beständig azimutal variation i de exosfäriska Lyα-emissionerna kring Uranus. Vi presentera preliminära belägg för att energiska partiklar från Uranus magnetosfär spelar en roll i produktionen av det heta väte som observeras i exosfären (Paper III).

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. 46
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2026:8
Keywords [en]
Uranus, atmosphere, Hubble Space Telescope (HST), radiative transfer
Keywords [sv]
Uranus, atmosfär, Hubbleteleskopet (HST), strålningstransport
National Category
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-375363ISBN: 978-91-8106-511-4 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-375363DiVA, id: diva2:2027820
Public defence
2026-02-03, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63739777936, F3 (Flodis), Lindstedtvägen 26 & 28, KTH Main Campus, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish National Space Board, 187/20
Note

QC 20260114

Available from: 2026-01-14 Created: 2026-01-13 Last updated: 2026-01-20Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Uranus’ hydrogen upper atmosphere: Insights from pre- and post-equinox HST Lyman-α images
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Uranus’ hydrogen upper atmosphere: Insights from pre- and post-equinox HST Lyman-α images
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2025 (English)In: Astronomy and Astrophysics, ISSN 0004-6361, E-ISSN 1432-0746, Vol. 693, article id A231Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We present the first spatially resolved images of Lyman-α (Lyα) emissions from Uranus taken by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The observations were carried out using HST’s Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph instrument as part of two far-ultraviolet (FUV) observing campaigns in 1998 and 2011, before and after Uranus’ equinox in 2007. The average intensities (± uncertainties) on Uranus’ disk were 860 ± 6 and 725 ± 9 R, respectively. The images reveal widely extended emissions, detectable up to ~4 Uranus radii (RU). We performed simulations of the Lyα radiative transfer in the atmosphere, considering resonant scattering by H, Rayleigh scattering by H2, and absorption by CH4. We considered only solar Lyα fluxes at Uranus as the Lyα source for simulations. The effects of hydrogen in the interplanetary medium and Earth’s exosphere on Uranus’ Lyα emissions were taken into account. We find a good agreement between on-disk brightnesses from simulations and the HST observations assuming the (H, H2, and CH4) atmosphere profile derived from Voyager 2 measurements. Only slight adjustments of the H or H2 densities were required in some of the simulation cases, in particular, for the 1998 observations. To match the off-disk HST brightnesses in both years, a substantial exosphere of gravitationally bound hot H is required, which we modelled assuming the hot H number density has a Chapman profile. We find that compared to 1998, the hot H abundance required for 2011 is lower and the inferred hot H profiles seem to be more extended. This bound hot H is likely to be a persistent part of Uranus’ upper atmosphere and is distinct from the escaping hot H population derived from Voyager 2 observations. We discuss the possible production mechanisms involving solar EUV radiation and study the sensitivity of the modelled brightness to the parameters of the hot H profile. We find that solar EUV radiation is not a sufficient source to explain the hot H in the exosphere of Uranus.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
EDP Sciences, 2025
National Category
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358906 (URN)10.1051/0004-6361/202450719 (DOI)001402042500008 ()2-s2.0-85216427893 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250124

Available from: 2025-01-23 Created: 2025-01-23 Last updated: 2026-01-13Bibliographically approved
2. Probing methane in Uranus’ upper stratosphere using HST observations of the 1280 Å Raman feature
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Probing methane in Uranus’ upper stratosphere using HST observations of the 1280 Å Raman feature
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2026 (English)In: Astronomy and Astrophysics, ISSN 0004-6361, E-ISSN 1432-0746, Vol. 705, article id A109Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We analysed far-ultraviolet (FUV) spectra of Uranus obtained by the HST STIS and COS instruments in 2012 and 2014, respectively, to determine the brightness of Raman-scattered Lyman-alpha (Ly α ) emissions centred at 1280 Å (hereafter, the Raman feature). The Raman feature is unique among the Solar System’s giant planets and forms in Uranus’ atmosphere due to weak vertical mixing of hydrocarbons with H 2 , leading to efficient Rayleigh–Raman scattering. Methane is the dominant hydrocarbon species on Uranus, and since it absorbs FUV radiation, it affects the Rayleigh–Raman scattering of Ly α photons by H 2 and, eventually, the brightness of the Raman feature. We derive a brightness of 20 −6 +1 R from the STIS data, which is similar to the brightness measured by Voyager 2 UVS during the 1986 flyby of Uranus, when considering the suggested recalibration of UVS measurements by a factor of ∼0.5. Based on the observed brightness, we constrain the upper altitude (pressure) level for the abundance of methane in the upper atmosphere using radiative transfer simulations that include resonant scattering by H, Rayleigh–Raman scattering by H 2 , and absorption by CH 4 . We considered the solar Ly α flux as the source of Ly α radiation at Uranus. We find that resonant scattering by H significantly affects Rayleigh–Raman scattering by H 2 and thus the modelled brightness of the Raman feature. We derive methane profiles by obtaining the simultaneous fit to the observed Ly α , as well as the 1280 Å brightness of Uranus. Methane appears to be depleted (number density becomes less than 1 cm −3 ) above the altitude (pressure) range of ∼478–515 km (4 × 10 −3 –2.4 × 10 −3 mbar), while the Ly α absorption optical depth reaches unity for methane in the altitude (pressure) range of ∼237–257 km (2.54 × 10 −1 –1.65 × 10 −1 mbar). When neglecting resonant scattering by H, the methane depletion must be deeper in the atmosphere at an altitude (pressure) of ∼395 km (1.4 × 10 −2 mbar), similar to previous findings based on Voyager 2 observations of the feature. The analysis of the Raman feature provides independent CH 4 constraints in the upper atmosphere for detailed photochemistry modelling and highlights the importance of UV instruments for the future Uranus Orbiter and Probe (UOP) mission.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
EDP Sciences, 2026
National Category
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-375352 (URN)10.1051/0004-6361/202556779 (DOI)
Note

QC 20260114

Available from: 2026-01-13 Created: 2026-01-13 Last updated: 2026-01-14Bibliographically approved
3. Uranus’ atmosphere near the northern solstice as seen from HST far-ultraviolet observations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Uranus’ atmosphere near the northern solstice as seen from HST far-ultraviolet observations
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-375362 (URN)
Note

Under review in Astronomy & Astrophysics

QC 20260114

Available from: 2026-01-13 Created: 2026-01-13 Last updated: 2026-01-15Bibliographically approved

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