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From Blueprints to Bytes: Leadership and Sociotechnical Integration in the Digital Transformation of the Construction Industry
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Ergonomics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5200-3014
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Digital transformation has in recent years become a central feature of the development of the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operations (AECO) industry. In large public client organizations, digitalization is often pursued through the introduction of digital work systems, such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), with the aim of improving coordination, information quality, and decision-making across long asset life cycles. At the same time, previous research shows that digital work systems are frequently used in fragmented ways and in parallel with established work practices, which limits their potential to support integrated and sustainable ways of working. These challenges have to a limited extent been analyzed from a coherent sociotechnical perspective, particularly in public infrastructure contexts characterized by formal governance, complex project- and line-based organizational structures, and long-term responsibility for critical societal infrastructure. Against this background, the aim of this thesis was to deepen the understanding of digital transformation in the AECO sector from a sociotechnical perspective by identifying which human, technological, organizational, and leadership-related factors, as well as the interactions between them, are associated with professionals’ attitudes toward, trust in, and use of digital work systems in practice. The thesis places particular emphasis on the role of leadership in shaping organizational conditions for digital work and in translating strategic digital ambitions into operational working conditions. The thesis is based on four constituent studies applying a mixed methods approach. An initial scoping review mapped prior research on interactions between humans, technology, and organization in the use of BIM. Two quantitative questionnaire survey studies examined associations between individual, social, and organizational factors, leadership-related aspects, and attitudes toward and trustful use of digital work systems in a large public client organization within the AECO industry. Finally, a qualitative interview study with managers at different organizational levels was conducted and analyzed using a grounded theory approach, to explore how conditions, opportunities, and constraints for digitally oriented leadership were perceived and managed in practice. The results showed that attitudes toward and trust in digital work systems are not solely related to technical system characteristics but are shaped through the interplay between technical and organizational conditions, social relations, and leadership practices. The quantitative analyses demonstrated that organizational and social conditions, including leadership quality and clarity, were associated with how digital work systems are perceived and used. The qualitative findings indicated that leaders often operate within narrow organizational constraints, where formal governance structures, unclear mandates, and fragmented processes limit opportunities to support integrated use of digital work systems across organizational levels and project phases. Overall, the thesis demonstrates that digital transformation in large and complex public AECO organizations should be understood as a sociotechnical process in which leadership constitutes a central mechanism for coordination, sensemaking, and the legitimation of digital work. The thesis contributes theoretically by further developing sociotechnical perspectives on digital transformation through empirical analysis of how leadership interacts with human, technological, and organizational factors. Empirically, the study contributes to in-depth knowledge of conditions for digital work in a public infrastructure context. Practically, the findings provide guidance on how governance, organizational design, and leadership practices may be developed to support more integrated, trustful, and sustainable use of digital work systems.

Abstract [sv]

Digital transformation har under de senaste åren blivit ett centralt inslag i utvecklingen av anläggningsbranschen (Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations, AECO). I stora offentliga beställarorganisationer drivs digitalisering ofta genom införandet av digitala arbetssystem, såsom Building Information Modeling (BIM), i syfte att förbättra samordning, informationskvalitet och beslutsfattande över långa livscykler. Samtidigt visar tidigare forskning att digitala arbetssystem i praktiken ofta används fragmenterat och parallellt med etablerade arbetssätt, vilket begränsar deras potential att bidra till integrerade och hållbara arbetsformer. Forskningen har i begränsad utsträckning analyserat dessa utmaningar ur ett sammanhållet sociotekniskt perspektiv, särskilt i offentliga anläggningskontexter präglade av formell styrning, komplexa projekt- och linjeorganisationer och långsiktigt ansvar för samhällskritisk infrastruktur.

Mot denna bakgrund var syftet med avhandlingen att fördjupa förståelsen av digital transformation i anläggningsbranschen ur ett sociotekniskt perspektiv, genom att identifiera vilka mänskliga, tekniska, organisatoriska och ledarskapsrelaterade faktorer, samt vilka interaktioner mellan dem, som är förknippade med yrkesverksammas inställning till, tillit till och användning av digitala arbetssystem i praktiken. Avhandlingen fokuserar särskilt på ledarskapets roll i att forma organisatoriska förutsättningar för digitalt arbete och i att översätta strategiska digitala ambitioner till operativa arbetsvillkor.

Avhandlingen byggde på fyra delstudier med en mixed methods-ansats. En inledande scoping review kartlade tidigare forskning om interaktioner mellan människa, teknik och organisation vid användning av BIM. Två kvantitativa enkätstudier undersökte samband mellan individuella, sociala och organisatoriska faktorer, ledarskapsaspekter samt attityder till och tillitsfull användning av digitala arbetssystem i en stor offentlig beställarorganisation inom anläggningsbranschen. Slutligen genomfördes en kvalitativ intervjustudie med chefer på olika organisatoriska nivåer, analyserad utifrån grounded theory, för att belysa hur villkor, möjligheter och begränsningar för digitalt orienterat ledarskap uppfattades och hanterades i praktiken.

Resultaten visade att inställning och tillit till digitala arbetssystem inte enbart är relaterade till systemens tekniska egenskaper, utan formas i samspelet mellan tekniska och organisatoriska förutsättningar, sociala relationer och ledarskapspraktiker. De kvantitativa analyserna visade att organisatoriska och sociala förutsättningar, inklusive ledarskapets kvalitet och rolltydlighet, har betydelse för hur digitala arbetssystem uppfattas och används. De kvalitativa resultaten pekade på att ledare ofta verkar inom snäva organisatoriska ramar där formella styrstrukturer, otydliga mandat och fragmenterade processer begränsar möjligheterna att stödja en sammanhållen användning av digitala arbetssystem över organisatoriska nivåer och projektfaser.   

Sammantaget visar avhandlingen att digital transformation i stora och komplexa offentliga anläggningsorganisationer bör förstås som en socioteknisk process där ledarskap utgör en central mekanism för samordning, meningsskapande och legitimering av digitalt arbete. Avhandlingen bidrar teoretiskt genom att vidareutveckla sociotekniska perspektiv på digital transformation genom att empiriskt belysa hur ledarskap samverkar med mänskliga, tekniska och organisatoriska faktorer. Empiriskt bidrar studien med fördjupad kunskap om villkor för digitalt arbete i en offentlig anläggningskontext. Praktiskt ger resultaten underlag för hur styrning, organisering och ledarskapspraktiker kan utvecklas för att stödja en mer integrerad, tillitsfull och hållbar användning av digitala arbetssystem.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. 88
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2026:1
Keywords [en]
Digital transformation, digital work systems, infrastructure sector, sociotechnical systems, governance, leadership
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Technology and Health
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-375898ISBN: 978-91-8106-515-2 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-375898DiVA, id: diva2:2031982
Public defence
2026-02-20, Sal T55, Hälsovägen 11C, Huddinge, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, 174243100
Note

QC 20260126

Available from: 2026-01-26 Created: 2026-01-26 Last updated: 2026-01-26Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Interactions between Human, Technology and Organization in Building Information Modelling (BIM) - A scoping review of critical factors for the individual user
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Interactions between Human, Technology and Organization in Building Information Modelling (BIM) - A scoping review of critical factors for the individual user
2023 (English)In: International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, ISSN 0169-8141, E-ISSN 1872-8219, Vol. 97, article id 103480Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a process, often mentioned as an enabler of various benefits within Architecture – Engineering – Construction (AEC), of creating and managing information for a built asset. Despite the potential benefits associated with BIM, the use seems to have been relatively inefficient. One explanation may be the lack of system perspective in the implementation and use of BIM. The aim of this study was to map critical factors influencing the use of BIM based on existing research, including interactions among the three subsystems human, technology and organization. A scoping review was performed analyzing 46 included articles. The results showed that BIM is a holistic and social system, that the technology itself is insufficient, and that the acceptance of BIM is a significant critical factor for its efficient implementation and use. The research on how humans interact with the technology of BIM, and how the organization can facilitate those interactions, is however limited. Relevance to industry: Learnings from this study include that the AEC industry, by approaching BIM as a holistic and social system and recognizing the role of the individual user, can add another piece of the puzzle to achieving the effective use of BIM.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2023
Keywords
Architecture, Construction (AEC), Engineering, Literature review, Technology acceptance
National Category
Construction Management Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-333965 (URN)10.1016/j.ergon.2023.103480 (DOI)001045459500001 ()2-s2.0-85164269171 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230817

Available from: 2023-08-17 Created: 2023-08-17 Last updated: 2026-01-26Bibliographically approved
2. Digital Transformation in Construction: Associations of Individual, Social, and Organizational Factors with Attitudes toward Building Information Modeling
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Digital Transformation in Construction: Associations of Individual, Social, and Organizational Factors with Attitudes toward Building Information Modeling
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The digital transformation of the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry depends on successfully integrating technologies such as building information modeling (BIM). However, many organizations still struggle to address the human, social, and organizational factors that influence digital adoption. This study examines which factors are associated with professionals’ attitudes toward BIM, as well as whether leadership quality and development opportunities moderate these associations. A quantitative survey was conducted among 314 experts employed by Sweden’s largest public infrastructure owner. The questionnaire combined items from the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ III). Multiple regression analyses revealed that performance expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions were significantly associated with positive attitudes toward BIM. Effort expectancy and the moderating effects of leadership quality and development opportunities were not significant. The findings suggest that employees' attitudes are primarily influenced by perceived usefulness and social endorsement rather than general leadership or learning conditions. These results suggest that fostering a positive BIM culture requires visible managerial engagement, peer support, and the practical usability of BIM tools. Integrating UTAUT and COPSOQ provides a novel framework that links technology acceptance with psychosocial work environment research and offers a broader understanding of how human and organizational factors jointly shape digital transformation. This study provides practical insights for organizations seeking to enhance their digital readiness and promote the sustainable implementation of BIM in complex project environments.

Keywords
Building Information Modeling (BIM); Digital transformation; Construction industry; Technology acceptance; Organizational factors
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-375892 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, 174243100
Note

QC 20260126

Available from: 2026-01-26 Created: 2026-01-26 Last updated: 2026-01-26Bibliographically approved
3. Which Aspects of Leadership Are Associated with Trustful Use of BIM and Other Digital Technologies in Construction?
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Which Aspects of Leadership Are Associated with Trustful Use of BIM and Other Digital Technologies in Construction?
2025 (English)In: Buildings, E-ISSN 2075-5309, Vol. 15, no 10, p. 1670-1670Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG, 2025
National Category
Other Engineering and Technologies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-366466 (URN)10.3390/buildings15101670 (DOI)001496666200001 ()2-s2.0-105006526606 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, 174243100
Note

QC 20250728

Available from: 2025-07-08 Created: 2025-07-08 Last updated: 2026-01-26Bibliographically approved
4. Leadership and the integration challenge: a grounded theory study of digital transformation in AECO
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Leadership and the integration challenge: a grounded theory study of digital transformation in AECO
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This study examines how leaders in a large and complex public organization within the Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations (AECO) sector perceive the conditions for digitally oriented leadership. Using a grounded theory approach, twenty in-depth interviews with managers and project managers were analyzed through open and focused coding. The analysis identified Lack of integration of digital work systems as the core category summarizing the main barriers to digital transformation. Four interrelated categories—Lack of vision and purpose, Limited usability, Silo organization, and Organizational inertia—were found to constrain leaders’ ability to adopt digitally oriented leadership practices. The study indicates that digital transformation cannot be achieved through technology alone but requires organizational and leadership integration supported by clear strategies, cross-functional collaboration, and adequate digital competence. These findings advance understanding of leadership conditions in digital transformation and offer practical implications for enhancing leadership capacity in AECO organizations. 

Keywords
digital transformation, digitally oriented leadership, grounded theory, organizational integration, AECO sector, complex organization, leadership barriers
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-375893 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, 174243100
Note

QC 20260126

Available from: 2026-01-26 Created: 2026-01-26 Last updated: 2026-01-26Bibliographically approved

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