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Multi-model machine learning for predicting tractor operator discomfort caused by whole-body vibration
Department of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, 2500 Chem. de Polytechnique, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; System Design Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1 Ontario, Canada.
Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
Department of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, 2500 Chem. de Polytechnique, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
School of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 2Z4 Saskatchewan, Canada.
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2026 (English)In: Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, ISSN 0168-1699, E-ISSN 1872-7107, Vol. 243, article id 111375Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Vibration-induced ride discomfort impacts vehicle performance and operator well-being, necessitating accurate and interpretable predictive models. This study presents an Interpretable multi-model machine learning (ML) framework combining six ensemble models: Random Forest, Extra Trees, Bagging, Gradient Boosting, Extreme Gradient Boosting, and Adaptive Boosting Regressors. The Meta-Learner integrates a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Random Forest Regressor (RFR) to enhance predictive performance. In the results, the Bayesian-optimized Gradient Boosting model, found as the best among the individual models, achieved a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.1%, a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 3.8%, a Coefficient of Determination (R2) of 94.8%, and a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 2.8%. However, the RFR resulted in the same MSE but demonstrated superior performance with a lower RMSE of 2.3%, an improved R2 of 98.0%, and a reduced MAE of 1.7%. While the MLP model was competitive compared to individual models, it had higher mean prediction errors than the RFR. These results highlight the Meta-Learner's effectiveness in minimizing prediction errors and capturing complex data relationships. Interpretability analyses using Shapley Additive Explanations and Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations identified speed-related features as the most influential predictors, while the Bagging Regressor provided significant contributions to the Meta-Learner's performance. In conclusion, this study establishes a ML framework that improves predictive performance and ensures model transparency. The findings advance comfort assessment methodologies and support the development of human-centered vehicle designs for vibration-sensitive applications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2026. Vol. 243, article id 111375
Keywords [en]
Ensemble methods, Explainable artificial intelligence, Feature importance analysis, Local interpretable model-agnostic explanations, Machine learning, Meta-learning approach, Ride discomfort, Shapley additive explanations, Whole body vibration
National Category
Computer Sciences Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-375930DOI: 10.1016/j.compag.2025.111375ISI: 001662700900001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105027116730OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-375930DiVA, id: diva2:2032411
Note

QC 20260127

Available from: 2026-01-27 Created: 2026-01-27 Last updated: 2026-01-27Bibliographically approved

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Trask, Catherine M.

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