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Household roles in the future electricity grid: Expectations, realities and renegotiations
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Strategic Sustainability Studies.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2495-3503
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 7: Affordable and clean energy
Abstract [en]

Our inhabitable world is heavily threatened by multiple ecological crises that are directly related to humanity’s use of resources and our fossil-fuelled energy systems. Transitioning to a system powered by renewable energy will also have social and political consequences. Sweden is a relevant context for studying these dimensions, as a nation with ambitious sustainability targets and a steady supply of hydro, nuclear, bio-energy and wind, while also supporting end-consumers through warm-rent apartments, district heating and smart meters. 

The residential sector accounts for a significant amount of global energy consumption and associated emissions. Households are also highly affected by technologies such as smart meters, expectations of flexible energy use, and rising energy costs. This thesis studies the roles of households in the future Swedish electricity grid. This involves exploring policy and industry expectations of households, how these expectations relate to households’ everyday lives, and how understandings of household roles can be renegotiated to be more just and inclusive. The empirical material was gathered within two research projects studying the roll-out of new smart meters in Swedish households and the development of a Swedish energy community. The material was mainly collected through a literature review of policy documents and interview studies with industry, households and energy community stakeholders. 

This thesis consists of a cover essay and four appended papers. Paper A critically analyses policy expectations on households to contribute to demand flexibility in the future smart grid. Expectations of policy and stakeholders on households are also examined in papers B, C and D. In papers B and C, stakeholder expectations are contrasted with household everyday lives and experiences of the smart meter roll-out. Paper D focuses on the framing and prefiguration of an energy community, and its proposed roles for households. Papers B, C and D aim to suggest how the roles of households can be renegotiated to be more inclusive and just. 

This thesis contributes by illustrating how Swedish policy and industry envision households as active and motivated actors in the smart grid. Narratives of desired energy futures describe aware and active customers on the one hand, and a willingness to automate consumption on the other. Households are expected to prioritise comfort, convenience and simplicity. Similar expectations exist in an energy community setting, where households are portrayed as consumers and shareholders, not to be disturbed. 

Household everyday life is incompatible with these visions, as the concept and importance of demand flexibility is unfamiliar to households. Second, households show scepticism towards using smart technology that potentially affects their everyday routines or gathers sensitive data. The energy community is primarily framed as an energy efficiency project and as a grid alleviator, prioritising financial benefits. These gaps and mismatches have several implications to be addressed for a just transition. First, a diversity within and between households needs to be acknowledged. Second, demand flexibility implemented through demand tariffs and automation risks excluding and punishing those with less capacity to be flexible. While energy communities are suggested as a way of decentralising power, our findings illustrate how such structures are governed by a small group of energy experts, echoing the centralised view of the system and households in it. This raises questions about what values drive the energy transition, which households are recognised, how they are invited to participate in the energy transition and how burdens and benefits can be distributed more justly.

Abstract [sv]

Vår beboeliga värld är starkt hotad av flera ekologiska kriser som är direkt relaterade till mänsklighetens resursanvändning och våra fossildrivna energisystem. En övergång till ett system som drivs av förnybar energi kommer också att få sociala och politiska konsekvenser. Sverige är en relevant kontext för att studera dessa dimensioner, som en nation med ambitiösa hållbarhetsmål och stadig tillgång till vattenkraft, kärnkraft, bioenergi och vindkraft, samtidigt som slutkonsumenter stöttas genom varmhyra, fjärrvärme och smarta elmätare.

Bostadssektorn står för en betydande del av den globala energiförbrukningen och relaterade utsläpp. Hushållen påverkas också starkt av teknik som smarta mätare, förväntningar på flexibel energianvändning och stigande energikostnader. Denna avhandling studerar hushållens roller i det framtida svenska elnätet. Detta innebär att utforska förväntningarna på hushållen från policy och industri, hur dessa förväntningar relaterar till hushållens vardag och hur förståelsen av hushållens roller kan omförhandlas för att bli mer rättvisa och inkluderande. Det empiriska materialet samlades in inom två forskningsprojekt som följt utrullningen av nya smarta mätare i svenska hushåll och utvecklingen av en energigemenskap i en svensk kontext. Materialet har huvudsakligen samlats in genom en litteraturgenomgång av policydokument och intervjustudier med aktörer från industrin, hushållen och drivande aktörer i energigemenskapen.

Denna avhandling består av en kappa och fyra bifogade artiklar. Artikel A analyserar kritiskt policyförväntningar på hushållen att bidra till efterfrågeflexibilitet i framtidens smarta elnät. Förväntningar på hushållen från policy och aktörer undersöks också i artiklarna B, C och D. I artiklarna B och C jämförs aktörernas förväntningar med hushållens vardag och erfarenheter av utrullningen av smarta mätare. Artikel D fokuserar på utformningen och prefigurationen av en energigemenskap, och deras föreslagna roller för hushållen. Artiklarna B, C och D syftar till att föreslå hur hushållens roller kan omförhandlas för att bli mer inkluderande och rättvisa.

Denna avhandling bidrar genom att illustrera hur svensk policy och industri föreställer sig hushållen som aktiva och motiverade aktörer i det smarta elnätet. Narrativ om önskade energiframtider beskriver medvetna och aktiva kunder å ena sidan, och å andra sidan en förväntad vilja att automatisera förbrukning. Hushållen förväntas prioritera komfort, bekvämlighet och enkelhet. Liknande förväntningar finns i en energigemenskapsmiljö, där hushållen framställs som konsumenter och delägare som inte ska störas.

Hushållens vardag är oförenlig med dessa visioner, delvis eftersom konceptet och vikten av efterfrågeflexibilitet är obekant för hushållen. Hushållen är även skeptiska mot att använda smart teknik som potentiellt påverkar deras vardagliga rutiner eller samlar in känsliga data. Energigemenskapen utformas främst som ett energieffektiviseringsprojekt och som en elnätsavlastare, där ekonomiska fördelar prioriteras. Dessa skillnader och obalanser har flera konsekvenser som måste åtgärdas för en rättvis omställning. För det första måste en mångfald inom och mellan hushållen erkännas. För det andra riskerar efterfrågeflexibilitet som implementeras genom tariffer och automatisering att exkludera och bestraffa de som har mindre förmåga att vara flexibla. Medan energigemenskaper föreslås som ett sätt att decentralisera makt, illustrerar våra resultat hur sådana strukturer styrs av en liten grupp energiexperter, vilket återspeglar den centraliserade synen på systemet och hushållen i det. Detta väcker frågor om vilka värden som driver energiomställningen, vilka hushåll som erkänns som viktiga, hur de bjuds in att delta i energiomställningen och hur bördor och fördelar kan fördelas på ett mer rättvist sätt.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. 87
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 266
Keywords [en]
Households, electricity grid, smart grids, expectations, everyday life, energy communities, energy justice, flexibility capital
Keywords [sv]
Hushåll, elnät, smarta elnät, förväntningar, vardagsliv, energigemenskaper, energirättvisa, flexibilitetskapital
National Category
Environmental Studies in Social Sciences
Research subject
Sustainability studies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-376436ISBN: 978-91-8106-534-3 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-376436DiVA, id: diva2:2035700
Public defence
2026-03-03, Gradängsalen (rum 5703), plan 5, Teknikringen 1, KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/64676198149, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20260206

Available from: 2026-02-06 Created: 2026-02-05 Last updated: 2026-02-09Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Households as part of the solution - Examining Swedish policy expectations on demand response in households
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Households as part of the solution - Examining Swedish policy expectations on demand response in households
2024 (English)In: Energy Policy, ISSN 0301-4215, E-ISSN 1873-6777, Vol. 189, article id 114118Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The smart grid is expected to encompass the overall electrification of society, while simultaneously managing increasing amounts of renewable energy. This could significantly impact how everyday life will be organized. However, previous research has shown that the envisioned role of households in the future energy system remains obscure and even contradictory. In this article we further examine and critically analyse how households as a demand response resource are imagined in the Swedish future smart grid. We focus on policy documents from the Swedish energy sector. To guide our analysis, we use the critical policy analysis framework of “What's the problem represented to be?” (WPR) for inspiration. Aligning with prior research, our results show that households tend to be framed as an untapped flexibility resource where heating and smart home technologies are to be controlled automatically or through remote control, which households allow for, motivated by consumption feedback, price signals or other incentives. Topics silenced in the problem representation include: The paradox in transitioning into a sustainable energy system while simultaneously sustaining unsustainable norms; a lack of diversity and acknowledgement of non-technical households; how trust and control need renegotiation and alternative ways for citizen participation in the energy transition.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2024
Keywords
Energy policy, Demand response, Households, Smart grids, Critical policy analysis, WPR
National Category
Energy Systems Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis, Strategies for sustainable development
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-345791 (URN)10.1016/j.enpol.2024.114118 (DOI)001231874000001 ()2-s2.0-85190762858 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 49533–1
Note

QC 20240430

Available from: 2024-04-19 Created: 2024-04-19 Last updated: 2026-02-05Bibliographically approved
2. Home-personas meet energy narratives of demand response: Uncovering mismatches between Swedish stakeholder expectations and everyday life
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Home-personas meet energy narratives of demand response: Uncovering mismatches between Swedish stakeholder expectations and everyday life
2024 (English)In: Futures: The journal of policy, planning and futures studies, ISSN 0016-3287, E-ISSN 1873-6378, Vol. 161, article id 103410Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Smart grids are proposed to enable the integration of renewables and facilitate the energy transition. Households have been pointed out as a significant resource for demand response, that is to adapt their electricity consumption based on the status in the grid. This article analyses narrative mismatches in the context of smart grid implementation in Sweden. We compare policy narratives on the role of homes in the future energy system with home personas, emerging from interviews with households. The policy narratives envision households to become either actively engaged in time-shifting motivated by information and incentives, or bypassed through automation. The home personas, although seemingly similar, show great diversity, being well informed about their electricity use, concerned regarding the safety of technology, preferring to manage flexibility themselves, and reluctant to give up control. Several dissonances are identified between narratives and the home personas regarding smart meter communication, energy awareness, trust, agency, and control, that need further attention for demand response to be realised. The analysis illustrates how policy visions of the home in the future grid would encounter severe challenges in living up to values and characteristics of real households. Policy thus needs to acknowledge households as a diverse group to ensure a sustainable and democratic energy transition. We encourage the use of home personas to substantiate this diversity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2024
Keywords
Demand response, Energy futures, Households, Narratives, Personas, Smart grids
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-348747 (URN)10.1016/j.futures.2024.103410 (DOI)001333512400001 ()2-s2.0-85196284404 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20241029

Available from: 2024-06-27 Created: 2024-06-27 Last updated: 2026-02-05Bibliographically approved
3. Triangulating flexibility – Contrasting stakeholder expectations with everyday life of households in the Swedish smart grid
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Triangulating flexibility – Contrasting stakeholder expectations with everyday life of households in the Swedish smart grid
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The energy system is currently transitioning from fossil-based energy sources to renewable ones, while also aiming for a democratic and just transition where citizens are proposed to play a key role. Smart grid technologies and smart meters are envisioned as facilitators of this transition where households’ flexibility is activated in ways that weren’t possible before. This is typically expected to be implemented either through demand response programs such as hourly price tariffs and grid tariffs, or by pooling customer loads through aggregators which use direct load control to steer consumption. These strategies are enabled by smart meter roll-outs in alliance with smart grid technologies for measurement and control. It is however questionable whether the visions of these technologies align with household practices and if they are without friction. To examine this relationship, the paper describes a study that outlines a triangulation of 1) professional stakeholder expectations, 2) policy documents and 3) households’ experience of a smart meter roll-out in Sweden. We analyse how needs and expectations expressed by industry and policy align with practices and values of households. We draw upon results from a policy literature review, interviews with 7 expert stakeholders for the smart meter roll-out and two interview rounds with 16 households. Our results reveal a gap between ambitions of the smart grid, visions of the ideal home, awareness and activity notions, privacy and safety aspects, and the use of technology for control, automation and aggregation. The concept of demand flexibility, described as the ultimate goal of household contribution by stakeholders, is still an unknown concept among interviewed homes. While flexibility is deemed important for households to understand, the ideal performance of flexibility is through automation or direct load control. A major conclusion is that although the practices of daily life in households relate to policy makers’ and the electricity sector’s topics of concern, they don’t always align and sometimes they even reflect contradicting needs.

Keywords
households, smart grid, expectations, practices, smart meter, demand flexibility
National Category
Energy Systems
Research subject
Sustainability studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-376269 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 49533–1
Note

QC 20260203

Available from: 2026-02-03 Created: 2026-02-03 Last updated: 2026-02-05Bibliographically approved
4. “The grassroots are involved, but they have no idea” – Framings, prefiguration and participation in a Swedish Energy Community
Open this publication in new window or tab >>“The grassroots are involved, but they have no idea” – Framings, prefiguration and participation in a Swedish Energy Community
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background

Community energy structures such as energy communities (EC) represent decentralised, locally renewable citizen-driven initiatives that foster inclusive structures while providing social, environmental and economic benefits, supporting the clean energy transition. However, Sweden’s low-carbon yet centralised system creates a challenging context for energy community development. The ambiguity of what drives ECs in this context and how households are expected to participate motivates studying how energy communities materialise. This article studies the development of an EC in Sweden where citizens participate through resident-owned housing associations in an urban setting. We explore how such an EC is framed, its origin and its goals, the organisational structure, and who is expected to participate (and how). We studied the formation of the EC for three years, gathering empirical data from workshop material, stakeholder interviews, research reports, and a short household survey. 

Results

Two main problem framings emerged that the EC addresses: poor energy performance and local grid capacity issues. While several goals are pursued simultaneously, activities prioritised focus on financial savings due to EC members being economic associations. Joining forces in an EC is described as essential, although the practical governance is planned for a core group of energy experts. Households are expected to be both informed and aware of energy usage while simultaneously not expected to be active nor to notice that they are part of an energy community. The short household survey revealed ambitions in line with EC frames such as energy reduction, local production, independence and knowledge exchange, plus willingness to contribute to energy balancing. 

Conclusions

The study illustrates how the framings of the energy community impact participation. An EC implemented as an economic association is driven by instrumental notions, focusing on measures that produce economic benefits first and foremost. Second, these economic values are tied to expectations of households as non-participatory, as they are primarily seen as shareholders. Whether framed as an energy efficiency or a capacity issue project, the role of households remains to be supportive of representatives’ work. We recommend future studies to examine these and alternative participation dynamics further to ensure that energy communities contribute to a just transition.

Keywords
energy communities, household participation, framing, prefiguration, social innovation, citizen participation, housing association
National Category
Energy Systems
Research subject
Sustainability studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-376270 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, P2021-00181
Note

QC 20260203

Available from: 2026-02-03 Created: 2026-02-03 Last updated: 2026-02-05Bibliographically approved

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