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Passive film evolution on Ni-Cr-Mo alloys in acidic chloride solution during anodic polarization
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science. Alleima AB, S-81181 Sandviken, Sweden; KTH Royal Inst Technol, Div Surface & Corros Sci, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6830-5474
Alleima AB, S-81181 Sandviken, Sweden.
Alleima AB, S-81181 Sandviken, Sweden.
Alleima AB, S-81181 Sandviken, Sweden.
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2026 (English)In: CORROSION COMMUNICATIONS, ISSN 2667-2669, Vol. 21, p. 14-25Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Passivity arises from spontaneous formation of a thin protective passive film (oxide/hydroxide layer) on the metal surface, and the stability of passive film is of great importance for corrosion resistance. This study investigates the formation, stability, and transpassive dissolution of passive films on two Ni-based alloys, Alloy 625 and Alloy 59, in acidified NaCl solution, by combining in situ electrochemical synchrotron ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) with ex situ glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) and electrochemical testing, as well as TEM and chemical analyses of the electrolyte. The use of these techniques enables a detailed analysis of chemical states of alloying elements and their distribution within passive films. AP-XPS results reveal a Cr-rich oxide in the thin passive film, which also contains Mo-and Nb-oxides enriched in the near-surface region, and a Cr-hydroxide layer on top of the surface. At increased polarization potentials, low valence Mo-and Nb-components are further oxidized to higher valence components. GD-OES results show that, in the transpassive potential region, the oxide film can grow to several tens of nm thick, while the two Ni-base alloys exhibit quite different behavior. For Alloy 625, Cr is depleted, Ni is almost not present, while Mo and Nb are dominant in the thick transpassive oxide film. In contrast, for Alloy 59 (Nb-free alloy), Cr and Mo remain enriched in the near-surface region and near the base metal, and Ni is present but below 10% in the thick transpassive oxide film. Nb in Alloy 625 forms a stable oxide and inhibits transpassive dissolution, thus contributing to corrosion resistance. By elucidating the fundamental mechanisms governing passivity breakdown, this study provides critical insights for the development of advanced Ni-based materials with enhanced corrosion resistance in aggressive environments.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2026. Vol. 21, p. 14-25
Keywords [en]
Ni-base alloy, Passive film, Transpassive breakdown, Oxide growth, AP-XPS, GD-OES
National Category
Materials Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-378209DOI: 10.1016/j.corcom.2025.12.001ISI: 001662948500001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105026915460OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-378209DiVA, id: diva2:2046717
Note

QC 20260317

Available from: 2026-03-17 Created: 2026-03-17 Last updated: 2026-04-28Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. The Role of Alloying Elements on Passive Film Evolution in Advanced Ni rich Alloys: Revealed by Synchrotron X-ray Measurements Combined with Chemical and Electrochemical Analyses
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Role of Alloying Elements on Passive Film Evolution in Advanced Ni rich Alloys: Revealed by Synchrotron X-ray Measurements Combined with Chemical and Electrochemical Analyses
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

It is better for the planet to use material as long as possible. Corrosion-resistant Ni-rich alloys are used in demanding aqueous environments where long service life and reliable performance are critical. Their corrosion resistance depends on the formation of a thin protective oxide film on the surface, known as a passive film. Under more oxidizing conditions, however, this protective film can change in composition and structure, grow thicker, and eventually lose its protective character, leading to increased metal dissolution. 

The aim of this thesis is to improve the understanding of passivation, oxide film evolution, and transpassive dissolution of Ni-rich alloys in aqueous environments, with particular focus on the role of alloying elements. To study these processes, electrochemical methods were combined with complementary techniques such as synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) to obtain information on oxide composition, oxidation states, and thickness. In parallel, dissolved species in the electrolyte were analyzed by ICP-OES and UV-Vis spectroscopy to provide information on metal release during anodic polarization. 

The results suggest that molybdenum and niobium strongly influence how the oxide evolves at higher anodic potentials and confirms that chromium is essential for establishing and maintaining passivity. In Nb-containing alloys, chromium became depleted in the transpassive oxide, while molybdenum and niobium became the dominant oxide-forming species. In the absence of niobium, chromium together with molybdenum instead dominated the transpassive oxide. The results also indicate that molybdenum plays a dual role by contributing both to passive film stability and to dissolution-related processes in highly oxidizing environments. These findings provide new insight into the role of alloying elements, supporting material selection and alloy development for aggressive environments.

Overall, this work shows that passive film evolution on Ni-rich alloys is controlled by synergistic interactions between alloying elements, which influence selective oxidation, oxide growth, and metal dissolution. Transpassive behavior should therefore be understood not simply as a breakdown of the passive film, but as competition between continued oxide formation and dissolution. These findings provide new insight into the role of alloying elements, supporting material selection and alloy development for aggressive environments.

Abstract [sv]

Det är bättre för planeten att använda material så länge som möjligt. Korrosionsbeständiga Ni-rika legeringar används i krävande vattenbaserade miljöer där lång livslängd och tillförlitlig funktion är avgörande. Deras korrosionsbeständighet beror på att en tunn skyddande oxidfilm, en så kallad passivfilm, bildas på ytan. Under mer oxiderande förhållanden kan denna skyddande film förändras i sammansättning och struktur, växa i tjocklek och till slut förlora sin skyddande förmåga, vilket leder till ökad metallupplösning.

Syftet med denna avhandling är att öka förståelsen för passivering, oxidfilmens utveckling och transpassiv upplösning hos Ni-rika legeringar i vattenmiljöer, med fokus på legeringselementens roll. För att studera dessa processer kombinerades elektrokemiska metoder med kompletterande tekniker såsom synkrotron-röntgenfotoelektronspektroskopi (XPS) och glödurladdningsoptisk emissionsspektroskopi (GD-OES) för att erhålla information om oxidens sammansättning, oxidationstillstånd och tjocklek. Parallellt analyserades lösta element i elektrolyten med ICP-OES och UV-Vis-spektroskopi för att ge information om metallupplösning under anodisk polarisering.

Resultaten visar att molybden och niob starkt påverkar hur oxiden utvecklas vid högre anodiska potentialer och bekräftar att krom är avgörande för att etablera och upprätthålla passivitet. Sammansättningen hos den transpassiva oxiden visade sig vara starkt beroende av legeringens sammansättning. I Nb-innehållande legeringar utarmades krom i den transpassiva oxiden, medan molybden och niob blev de dominerande oxidbildande elementen. I frånvaro av niob dominerades den transpassiva oxiden i stället av krom tillsammans med molybden. Resultaten visar också att molybden har en dubbel roll genom att bidra både till passivfilmens stabilitet och till upplösningsrelaterade processer i starkt oxiderande miljöer. Dessa resultat ger nya insikter i legeringselementens roll och kan bidra till materialval och legeringsutveckling för aggressiva miljöer.

Sammantaget visar detta arbete att utvecklingen av passivfilmen på Ni-rika legeringar styrs av synergistiska interaktioner mellan legeringselement, vilka påverkar selektiv oxidation, oxidtillväxt och metallupplösning. Transpassivt beteende bör därför inte enbart förstås som en upplösning av passivfilmen, utan som en konkurrens mellan fortsatt oxidbildning och upplösning. Dessa resultat ger nya insikter i legeringselementens roll och kan bidra till materialval och legeringsutveckling för aggressiva miljöer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. 51
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2026:23
Keywords
Ni-base alloy, passivity, corrosion, electrochemistry, oxidation, transpassivity
National Category
Surface- and Corrosion Engineering
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-380440 (URN)978-91-8106-597-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-05-29, F3, Lindstedtvägen 26, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, ID19–0032
Note

QC 20260429

Available from: 2026-04-29 Created: 2026-04-28 Last updated: 2026-05-04Bibliographically approved

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Eidhagen, JosefinYue, XiaoqiPan, Jinshan

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