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When Assessment Goes Digital: Exploring Teachers’ Understanding, and the Contextual Shaping of Practice in Higher Education
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Learning, Learning in Stem.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2429-0589
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 4: Quality Education
Abstract [en]

This thesis addresses the digitalisation of higher education from a sociocultural perspective and investigates how teachers’ understandings and context enable and shape digital assessment practices. The research questions are: How do teachers understand teaching and learning in digital environments, with particular focus on assessment practices? What discourses about digital assessment practices can be found? What obstacles and opportunities do these discourses entail? Through interviews with teachers at two technical universities and an analysis of meeting minutes from a teaching policy board comprising educational leaders, the study examines understandings of digital assessmnets contextual factors. The thesis approaches these questions from two methodological standpoints, phenomenography and discourse analysis, which, together, enable the exploration of both teachers’ understandings of digital assessment enactment and the socially constructed conditions that shape these practices. The findings demonstrate that a student-centred approach is associated with a greater willingness to reconsider established practices in the light of digitalisation. This includes viewing assessment as a part of students’ learning. The educational potential of digital technology depends less on teachers’ technical competence, and more on their orientation towards student learning. At the same time, the analysis of meeting minutes identifies discourses that foreground efficiency, quality assurance, control, and process development. This suggests that digitalisation may strengthen instrumental governance of education, which, in turn, undermines teachers’ professional practice. The analysis shows that the digitalisation of assessment can be understood in terms of tensions between different orientations and views on the digitalisation of higher education: as an opportunity to reflect on and develop pedagogical practices, or as a means of shaping and thereby streamlining processes. If digitalisation is to support educational development in ways that genuinely promote student learning, teachers must be given space and support to reflect on and develop assessment practices aligned to disciplinary and pedagogical needs, rather than being subjected to increasingly detailed regulation of educational processes. 

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling angriper digitalisering av högre utbildning från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv och undersöker hur lärarens professionella kompetens och de kontextuella villkoren möjliggör och formar digitala bedömningspraktiker. Arbetet utgår från frågeställningarna: Hur förstår lärare undervisning och lärande i digitala miljöer, med särskilt fokus på bedömning? Vilka diskurser om digitala bedömningspraktiker kan identifieras inom högre utbildning? Vilka hinder och möjligheter innebär dessa diskurser? Avhandlingen kombinerar två kvalitativa ansatser, fenomenografi och diskursanalys, för att undersöka såväl lärares förståelser av digital bedömning som de socialt konstruerande villkoren som formar praktiken. Det empiriska materialet är tredelat och utgörs av intervjuer med 16 lärare vid två tekniska högskolor med fokus på uppfattningar av digitala hjälpmedel i undervisning, intervjuer med 14 lärare vid en teknisk högskola med fokus på lärarens uppfattningar om digitala hjälpmedel för bedömning samt minnesanteckningar från en ledningsgrupp vid ett tekniskt lärosäte som utarbetade riktlinjer för digital bedömning under pandemin.Analyserna av intervjuerna med lärare visar att ett studentcentrerat förhållningssätt hos lärare är förknippat med en större öppenhet för att förändra etablerade arbetssätt i samband med digitaliseringen. Dessa lärare ser bedömning som en del av studenternas lärande. Detta tyder på att den digitala teknikens möjligheter i undervisningen inte i första hand avgörs av lärarnas tekniska kunnande, utan av hur de förhåller sig till studenters lärande och undervisning. Samtidigt visar analysen av ledningsgruppens policyarbete med framtagande av riktlinjer diskurser där effektivisering, kvalitetssäkring, kontroll och processutveckling istället står i förgrunden. Det betyder att digitalisering kan innebära en förstärkt instrumentell styrning av utbildning, vilket innebär ett minskat handlingsutrymme för lärares professionella yrkesutövande. Resultatet visar därmed att digitalisering av bedömning befinner sig i ett spänningsfält mellan olika förhållningsätt och synsätt: digitalisering av bedömning som ett forum för att reflektera över och utveckla pedagogiska praktiker eller digitalisering av bedömning för att forma och effektivisera processer. Om digitalisering ska stödja utbildningsutveckling på ett sätt som faktiskt främjar studenters lärande, måste lärare ges utrymme och stöd i att reflektera över och utveckla bedömningspraktiker utifrån disciplinära och pedagogiska behov, snarare än att underkastas en alltmer detaljerad reglering av utbildningsprocesser.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2026. , p. 96
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2026:17
Keywords [en]
Assessment practice, digitalisation, higher education, teacher approaches, technical university
National Category
Educational Sciences
Research subject
Technology and Learning
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-379303ISBN: 978-91-8106-609-8 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-379303DiVA, id: diva2:2056109
Public defence
2026-05-29, Salongen / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62294653825, Osquars backe 31, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-04-29 Created: 2026-04-28 Last updated: 2026-05-19Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Teaching-learning in virtual learning environments: a matter of forced compromises away from student-centredness?
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Teaching-learning in virtual learning environments: a matter of forced compromises away from student-centredness?
2024 (English)In: Teaching in Higher Education, ISSN 1356-2517, E-ISSN 1470-1294, Vol. 29, no 8, p. 2095-2111Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this phenomenographic study, we contribute with a critical view on teachers’ understanding of the use of digital technology in education. By analysing engineering teachers in Sweden’s qualitative different ways of experiencing teaching-learning in virtual learning environments (VLEs) pre-COVID-19 pandemic, we found three different approaches: (A) increased transmission possibilities, (B) outlined trail and (C) forced compromises. Based on our findings, the tensions between the possibilities in the virtual learning environment and teachers’ teaching-learning intentions are discussed, and teachers’ decreased room for action to design for learning is problematised. Notably, teachers with an increased breadth of awareness of teaching-learning appear to experience the greatest tensions, forcing them to compromise their student-centred intentions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited, 2024
Keywords
Educational technology, teachers' approaches to teaching-learning, digital teaching
National Category
Educational Sciences
Research subject
Technology and Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-325910 (URN)10.1080/13562517.2023.2201674 (DOI)000970885100001 ()2-s2.0-85153348327 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20260108

Available from: 2023-04-20 Created: 2023-04-20 Last updated: 2026-04-28Bibliographically approved
2. Conceptualising Enablement: Teachers’ Approaches to Digital Assessment
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Conceptualising Enablement: Teachers’ Approaches to Digital Assessment
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Assumptions regarding its transformative potential are complicated, as moving to a digital environment does not always lead to changes in assessment practice. In this study, 14 engineering faculty members were interviewed about how they approached the digital assessment in remote settings. We find that engineering faculty members experience affordances in digital assessment in a remote setting: I) replication, II) customisation and III) reappraisal. Further, teachers’ experience of digital assessment varies in relation to their conceptions of a) assessment rationale, b) impact of digital technology, c) view of the student, and d) impact of the remote setting. Teachers perceive that affordances in digital assessment in remote settings shape how they approach assessment practices for remote enactment. Digital contexts both enable and obstruct the development of assessment. Our findings show that enhanced teacher awareness of research on learning and assessment is crucial for digitalised assessment to realise its full potential.

Keywords
digital assessment, engineering education, experience, higher education, remote enactment
National Category
Educational Sciences
Research subject
Technology and Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-379301 (URN)
Note

QC 20260427

Available from: 2026-04-27 Created: 2026-04-27 Last updated: 2026-04-28Bibliographically approved
3. Trust or control: How academic leadership shapes the conditions for teachers’ digital assessment practices
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Trust or control: How academic leadership shapes the conditions for teachers’ digital assessment practices
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Institutional structure and leadership influence teachers’ opportunities to develop digital assessment practices. This study examines how academic leadership influences assessment practices at a technical university by analysing 59 meeting minutes from 2020 to 2022 through discourse analysis. Three discourses are identified. The discourse of authoritarianism demonstrates strong central control over the assessment process and possible practices, while the discourse of conditional autonomy recognises the significance of the leadership working with teachers’ commitment to change. In contrast to top-down control, in the discourse of negotiated trust, governance is positioned in relation to teachers’ need to contribute to change through their own professional judgement. The shifts between these discourses are rooted in the degree of competence and professionalism attributed to teachers by the leadership. The way leadership recognises teachers’ professional agency shapes the opportunities to develop varied assessments and realise the aspirations associated with digital technology.

Keywords
Assessment practice, digital technology, discourse analysis, engineering education policymaking
National Category
Educational Sciences
Research subject
Technology and Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-379274 (URN)
Note

In revison 

QC 20260416

Available from: 2026-04-16 Created: 2026-04-16 Last updated: 2026-04-28Bibliographically approved
4. Enablement through incongruent views: teacher versus leadership digital assessment discourses
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Enablement through incongruent views: teacher versus leadership digital assessment discourses
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The digitalisation of assessment has been presented in the research literature as offering potential for developing both assessment methods and practices in higher education. Yet, despite this potential, the development of such practices has been slow. Against this backdrop, this study examines the conditions for and enactment of assessment practice, with particular attention to the practices that are discursively enabled. The study has two aims: to explore teachers’ discourses in the shaping of digital assessment practices, and to critically evaluate their convergences and contradictions in relation to previously identified leadership discourses. By analysing interviews with fourteen teachers at a Swedish technical university, three assessment discourses were identified: Assessment as didactic practice, Assessment as counterproductive practice, and Leadership as detached. Compared with the leadership’s assessment discourses, these discourses often contrast with the teachers’ discourses. Discursive contradictions create space for interpretation, negotiation, and position-taking regarding what digital assessment practice can and ought to be. The findings indicate that, in these negotiations, teachers frequently need to argue for their professional judgement in the design of practice. In this way, a constraint is identified in how practices can be shaped and developed freely.

Keywords
Assessment practice, Digital assessment, Discourse analysis, Teacher Role
National Category
Educational Sciences
Research subject
Technology and Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-379275 (URN)
Note

QC 20260427

Available from: 2026-04-27 Created: 2026-04-27 Last updated: 2026-04-28Bibliographically approved

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Naimi-Akbar, Ida

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