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Detection of pulsating aurora from GNSS total electron content
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Space and Plasma Physics.
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Space and Plasma Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2422-5426
IRF-Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden.
SANSA-South African National Space Agency, Krugersdorp, South Africa.
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2026 (English)In: Earth Planets and Space, ISSN 1343-8832, E-ISSN 1880-5981, Vol. 78, no 1, article id 68Article in journal, Letter (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study investigates, for the first time, the effect of pulsating aurora on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) total electron content (TEC). TEC measurements from multiple ground-based GNSS receivers are compared with auroral intensities recorded by two all-sky cameras during a pulsating aurora event on 15 March 2018 in northern Scandinavia. At hour-long timescales, the GNSS-derived TEC exhibits clear correspondence with the overall auroral activity. At shorter timescales of a few minutes, the auroral emission brightness measured by the all-sky cameras highly correlates with the time derivative of the TEC, which is consistent with the local production/recombination balance in the ionosphere. In addition, the TEC is observed to decrease more slowly than the optical brightness within each pulsation, indicating that electron recombination does not occur instantaneously after the emission. These findings demonstrate that GNSS-derived TEC measurements can be used to detect and study key signatures of pulsating aurora, opening the possibility of using the extensive network of GNSS satellites and ground-based receivers to perform unprecedented large-scale studies of this type of aurora.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature , 2026. Vol. 78, no 1, article id 68
Keywords [en]
GNSS, Ionosphere, Pulsating aurora, Total electron content
National Category
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-380715DOI: 10.1186/s40623-026-02405-yISI: 001741831800001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105036195824OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-380715DiVA, id: diva2:2057576
Note

QC 20260505

Available from: 2026-05-05 Created: 2026-05-05 Last updated: 2026-05-19Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Multi-Platform Analysis of Aurora: Insights from Rocket, Satellite, and GNSS-TEC Measurements
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multi-Platform Analysis of Aurora: Insights from Rocket, Satellite, and GNSS-TEC Measurements
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis presents a multi-platform investigation of auroral processes, combining in situ measurements, satellite-based optical observations, and satellite-receiver signal analysis.

First, data collected by the SPIDER-2 sounding rocket and its deployed subsystems are analysed to examine the properties of pulsating aurora, providing detailed insight into its altitude, densities, pulsating frequencies and modulation. Combined measurements of Langmuir probes and a wave propagation experiment reveal the altitude profile of the electron density, revealing the peak electron densities of the order of 1011 m-3 at about 100 km altitude. An ion chemistry model allows to derive the energy profile of the precipitating electrons, which is found to peak at about 19 keV. In addition, ion probe and photometer measurements resolve individual pulsations with characteristic periods of about 2 s.

Second, limb observations from the Swedish MATS satellite are used to conduct a statistical study of a particularly poorly understood auroral emission, the O2 atmospheric band at 762 nm. The results reveal a dependence between the geomagnetic activity and magnetic latitude, between the peak emission altitude and the magnetic local time, and between the intensity of the emissions and the emission altitude, providing new information on the characteristics of this auroral emission across both hemispheres.

Third, disturbances in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals are shown to correlate with intensity variations in pulsating aurora, and a novel large-scale statistical analysis of this phenomenon is performed. The study, based on 14 years of data from Swedish receiver stations at auroral latitudes, demonstrates that total electron content (TEC) variations with periods of 33 s and shorter exhibit dependencies consistent with auroral activity in terms of solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal behaviour. By identifying events associated with pulsating aurora, new relationships are established, including the dependence of pulsation period on magnetic local time, geomagnetic activity, and solar wind conditions, as well as a scaling between TEC fluctuation power and geomagnetic activity.

In summary, this work presents three complementary approaches to studying aurora: a sounding rocket case study, a statistical analysis from satellite limb observations, and an investigation based on GNSS signal disturbances. Together, they bridge small-scale in situ measurements and large-scale observations, advancing the understanding of pulsating aurora and the O2 auroral emission.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling undersöker norrsken med hjälp av flera metoder, inklusive mätningar direkt i rymden, satellitbilder och analys av satellitsignaler.

Först analyseras data från forskningsraketen SPIDER-2 och dess instrument för att studera pulserande norrsken. Studien ger detaljerad information om höjd, densitet, pulsfrekvens och variationer. Kombinationen av olika mätinstrument visar hur elektrontätheten förändras med höjd, med ett maximum på ungefär elektroner per kubikmeter vid cirka 100 km höjd. Med hjälp av en modell kan man också uppskatta energin hos elektronerna, som når ett maximum runt 19 keV. Dessutom visar mätningar att enskilda pulser har en typisk period på cirka 2 sekunder.

För det andra används observationer från den svenska MATS-satelliten för att göra en statistisk studie av en mindre förstådd typ av norrsken, en syre-emission vid 762 nm. Resultaten visar samband mellan geomagnetisk aktivitet och magnetisk latitud, mellan höjden där emissionen är starkast och lokal magnetisk tid, samt mellan ljusstyrka och höjd. Detta ger ny kunskap om denna typ av norrsken i båda hemisfärerna.

För det tredje visas att störningar i GNSS-signaler (satellitnavigering) hänger ihop med variationer i pulserande norrsken. En stor statistisk studie baserad på 14 års data från svenska mottagarstationer visar att variationer i elektrontäthet följer mönster kopplade till solcykler, årstider och dygn. Studien hittar också nya samband, till exempel mellan pulsperiod och magnetisk tid, geomagnetisk aktivitet och solvinden, samt mellan signalvariationer och geomagnetisk aktivitet.

Sammanfattningsvis använder arbetet tre olika metoder för att studera norrsken: en fallstudie med raket, en statistisk analys med satellitdata och en studie av satellitsignaler. Tillsammans ger de en bättre förståelse av pulserande norrsken och denna typ av syre-emission.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. 55
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2026:40
Keywords
Space Plasma, Sounding Rocket, Ionosphere, Langmuir Probes, Pulsating Aurora, GNSS, Total electron content, O2 Aurora, Rymdplasma, Forskningsraket, Jonosfären, Langmuirsonder, Pulserande norrsken, GNSS, Totalt elektroninnehåll, Syrenorrsken
National Category
Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-381119 (URN)978-91-8106-600-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-06-12, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66144284553, H1, Teknikringen 33, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Research was funded by SNSA (Swedish National Space Agency) contract no. RS 2020-00154

Available from: 2026-05-19 Created: 2026-05-19 Last updated: 2026-06-01Bibliographically approved

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Pérez-Coll Jiménez, JuditIvchenko, Nickolay

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