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An Analysis of the Forecasting Potential of Virtual Assets on Real World Assets: Can Runescape 3 bonds be used to forecast the S&P500?
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mathematics (Dept.), Probability, Mathematical Physics and Statistics.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mathematics (Dept.), Probability, Mathematical Physics and Statistics.
2026 (English)Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesisAlternative title
En analys av prognostisk potential för virtuella tillgångar påverkliga tillgångar : Kan Runescape 3-obligationer användas för att förutspåS&P500? (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

The prediction of broad market indices, such as the S&P 500, remainsa cornerstone of financial economics. Concurrently, virtual economieswithin massively multiplayer online games (MMOs) have grown sophisticated enough to reflect real-world consumer demand and discretionary spending. This thesis investigates whether the price dynamicsof RuneScape 3 (RS3) Bonds, acting as a digital proxy for consumerleisure spending, can provide predictive insights into the macroeconomic movements of the S&P 500 index.By applying the Toda-Yamamoto procedure for Granger causalityto daily time-series data from January 2020 to December 2025, weanalyze the lead-lag relationship between these conventional and nonconventional economic indicators. The results indicate an existence ofa statistically significant bidirectional effect between RS3 Bond pricesand S&P500 prices.Our results are however tentative and explorative as our methoddoes not correct for multiple testing, which means that the observedsignificant relationship may be a type I error. Still, our results are intriguing and the existence of a bidirectional predictive relationship is inline with the notion that consumer sentiment affects both of the studiedmarkets.

Abstract [sv]

Prediktionen av breda marknadsindex, såsom S&P 500, utgör fortsatten hörnsten inom finansiell ekonomi. Samtidigt har virtuella ekonomier i massivt multiplayer-onlinespel (MMO) blivit tillräckligt sofistikeradeför att spegla verklig konsumentefterfrågan och diskretionär konsumtion. Denna avhandling undersöker om prisdynamiken för RuneScape3 (RS3)-obligationer, som fungerar som en digital proxy för konsumenters fritidskonsumtion, kan ge prediktiva insikter om de makroekonomiska rörelserna i S&P 500-indexet.GenomatttillämpaToda-Yamamoto-procedurenförGranger-kausalitet på dagliga tidsseriedata från januari 2020 till december 2025 analyserar vi lead-lag-relationen mellan dessa konventionella och ickekonventionella ekonomiska indikatorer. Resultaten indikerar förekomsten av en statistiskt signifikant dubbelriktad effekt mellan priserna påRS3-obligationer och S&P 500.Våra resultat är dock tentativa och explorativa då vår metod intekorrigerar för flera tester, vilket innebär att det observerade statistisktsignifikanta sambandet kan vara ett typ I-fel. Trots detta är resultaten intressanta och förekomsten av ett dubbelriktat prediktivt sambandöverensstämmer med uppfattningen att konsumentsentiment påverkarbåda de studerade marknaderna.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2026.
Series
TRITA-SCI-GRU ; 2026:195
Keywords [en]
Toda-Yamamoto procedure, Granger causality, Alternative economic indicators, Consumer
Keywords [sv]
Toda-Yamamoto-proceduren, Granger-kausalitet, Alternativa ekonomiska indikatorer, Indikatorer för konsumentefterfrågan, Marknadssentimentindikatorer, Lead-lag-relationer, Virtuella ekonomier
National Category
Probability Theory and Statistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-384587OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-384587DiVA, id: diva2:2083107
Subject / course
Applied Mathematics and Industrial Economics
Educational program
Master of Science in Engineering - Industrial Engineering and Management
Supervisors
Examiners
Available from: 2026-07-01 Created: 2026-07-01 Last updated: 2026-07-01Bibliographically approved

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