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Contest for System Observability as an Infinitely Repeated Game
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mathematics (Dept.), Mathematics (Div.). Key Laboratory for System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, 200240, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Submarine Geoscience, Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China.ORCID iD: 0009-0009-9815-8001
School of Engineering, University of Galway, H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland.
National Key Laboratory of Information Systems Engineering, 410073, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory for System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, 200240, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Submarine Geoscience, Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China.
State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Sciences, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
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2026 (English)In: Journal of Systems Science and Complexity, ISSN 1009-6124, E-ISSN 1559-7067Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

This paper studies a system security problem in the context of observability based on a two-person noncooperative infinitely repeated game. Both the attacker and the defender have means to modify the dimension of the unobservable subspace, which is set as the value function. Utilizing tools from geometric control, the authors construct the best response sets considering one-step and two-step optimality respectively to maximize or minimize the value function. The authors establish a unified necessary and sufficient condition for Nash equilibrium that holds for both one-step and two-step optimizations. The proposed analysis further uncovers two evolutionary patterns, lock and loop modes, and shows an asymmetry between defense and attack. The defender can lock the game into equilibrium, whereas the attacker can disrupt the equilibrium by sacrificing short-term utility for longer-term advantage. Six representative numerical examples corroborate the theoretical results and highlight the complexity of possible game patterns.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature , 2026.
Keywords [en]
Geometric control, Nash equilibrium, linear system, observability, repeated games
National Category
Probability Theory and Statistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-385556DOI: 10.1007/s11424-026-5230-8ISI: 001810851600001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105043759187OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-385556DiVA, id: diva2:2086722
Note

QC 20260715

Available from: 2026-07-15 Created: 2026-07-15 Last updated: 2026-07-15Bibliographically approved

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Xu, YueyueHu, Xiaoming

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