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Sharing The Design Authorship Of Sustainability: Towards co-creation of sustainable transport systems and practices
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Integrated Product Development. (Integrated Product Development)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4685-9174
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Any separation between technology and society can be claimed to be artificial. Technological material systems are intertwined with human everyday life practices and ways of living, values, and belief systems. When we design and develop new technological systems, we are also designing opportunities for new daily living practices to emerge. The involvement of people for whom new sustainable systems are intended, and who will be using and consuming the novel systems, is therefore crucial for industry and societies aspiring to reduce carbon emissions, energy use, and overconsumption of material resources. People are not just a resource for design, nor are they merely users or consumers of technology. Rather, they are knowing and changing subjects with complex everyday lives, who can (re)format the existing unsustainable systems towards sustainable ones in multiple ways and through multiple identities and roles. People are co-creators in the modes of living and the technological systems supporting them. This dissertation is about co-creation, a design and development approach that seeks to share the design authorship of sustainability and drive collective transition. The purpose of this inquiry is to study how multiple actors can co-creatively design and develop sustainable systems, and the potential of the outcomes to support transition. The context of the study is primarily transportation systems as socially-critical systems supporting everyday living. Socially-critical systems imply those products, services, and technologies upon which human everyday life activities depend. The study takes an interdisciplinary perspective by bridging participatory, democratic, and inclusive design approaches and innovation studies to develop theory towards co-creation of new sustainable systems. Six individual papers are appended presenting empirical results from three research cases set up as living laboratories in real living and working environments, involving multiple private and public actors. A mixed-method research approach using both qualitative and quantitative methods has been employed to gather and analyse empirical data.

 

Six main findings are discussed: 1) The form of involvement defines who co-creates new sustainable systems; 2) Both users and non-users contribute to co-creating new sustainable systems at various intensities; 3) Users are driven by similar concerns as developers to co-create new sustainable systems; 4) Common design language aligns co-creation process and actors; 5) Co-creation generates learning and strategic direction; and 6) Co-creation immerses people in behavioural changes by exposing them to the possibilities for change. Based on the findings, three main conclusions are drawn: first, that people can be involved in new systems in various ways whether or not they are users of the system. Through their use or non-use practices, people can give direction to new sustainable systems, and through every involved or uninvolved person, a new system is affected both positively and negatively; thus, both users and non-users co-create sustainable systems. This thesis finds that involvement in co-creation is neither binary nor a one- time occurrence. Rather, it is a spectrum of varying intensities regarding how individuals immerse themselves in and throughout a process. The second conclusion is that co-creation generates multi-dimensional learning and strategic direction for all involved parties. In addition, it immerses people in behavioural changes by exposing them to possibilities for change, thus building trust in new energy-efficient and carbon-reducing alternatives, validating the logistical workability of new sustainable systems and its true impacts, and stimulating further engagement in new sustainable system development. Thirdly, the co- creation approach is still new in practice and proves challenging from a managerial standpoint when common visions and objectives are not sufficient to align stakeholders. The results suggest that common design language, which uses both cognitive and physical tools to facilitate co- creation among users and stakeholders, supports co-creation by aligning both actors and the process. Finally, this thesis provides empirical support that people can be meaningfully involved in creating opportunities and possibilities for change, which challenge the present mechanisms used to influence societal behavioural changes, e.g. incentives and nudging. It suggests that design can foster the presence of people for whom the designed systems are intended, and do so in places where they are contextualised, e.g., installation of proto-designs in real living/working environments. Through involvement of diverse users and non-users, co-creation shows to be quite necessary not only to develop new transport systems, but also to increase the accessibility of sustainable transport innovations. Increased involvement in design and development of new systems could serve to delegitimise participation in the old systems.

Abstract [sv]

All separation av teknik och samhälle kan hävdas vara konstlad. Tekniska materialsystem är sammanflätade med mänskligt vardagsliv och sätt att leva, värderingar och trossystem bland annat. När vi designar och utvecklar nya tekniska system, utformar vi också möjligheter för nya sätt för människor att leva i sin vardag. Engagemanget från de människor för vilka nya hållbara system är avsedda och som kommer att använda och konsumera de nya systemen är därför avgörande för både de industrier och samhällen som strävar efter att minska koldioxidutsläpp, energianvändning och överkonsumtion av materialresurser. Människor är inte bara en resurs i design, och de är inte bara användare eller konsumenter av teknik. Snarare är de kunniga och föränderliga subjekt med komplexa vardagliga liv, som kan (om)formatera de befintliga ohållbara systemen mot hållbara på flera sätt såväl genom flera identiteter som roller. Människor är medskapare av levnadssätt och av de tekniska systemen som stöder dem.

Den här avhandlingen handlar om samskapande (co-creation), ett design- och utvecklingssätt för att försöka dela författarskapet i att designa och utveckla för hållbarhet och driva kollektiv omställning. Syftet med denna undersökning är att studera hur flera aktörer tillsammans kan designa och utveckla hållbara system och att studera de potentiella resultaten av ett sådant tillvägagångssätt i att stödja omställningen. Kontexten för studien är främst transportsystem i sin betydelse av socialt kritiska system som stödjer vardagen. Socialt kritiska system innebär de produkter, tjänster och teknologier som mänskliga aktiviteter i vardagen är beroende av. Studien tar ett tvärvetenskapligt perspektiv genom att överbrygga deltagande, demokratiska och inkluderande designmetoder och innovationsstudier för att utveckla teori mot samskapande av nya hållbara system. Sex individuella artiklar bifogas som presenterar empiriska resultat från tre forskningsfall som upprättats som levande laboratorier (Living Labs) i verkliga boende- och arbetsmiljöer och som involverar flera olika privata och offentliga aktörer. En forskningsdesign med både kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder har använts för att samla in och analysera empiriska data.

Sex huvudsakliga resultat lyfts fram och diskuteras: 1) Formen för att engagera användare definierar vem som samskapar nya hållbara system; 2) Både användare och icke-användare bidrar till att samskapa nya hållbara system med olika intensitet; 3) Användare drivs av liknande intressen som utvecklare för att samskapa nya hållbara system; 4) Gemensamt formspråk förenar samskapandeprocessen och aktörer; 5) Samskapande genererar lärande och strategisk riktning; och 6) Samskapande fördjupar människor i beteendeförändringar genom att utsätta dem för möjligheterna till förändring. Baserat på resultaten dras tre huvudsakliga slutsatser: För det första är att människor kan vara involverade på många sätt oavsett om de använder eller inte använder ett nytt system. Genom sin användning eller icke-användning kan människor ge riktning åt nya hållbara system, och genom att varje inblandad eller oengagerad person gynnar ett nytt system både positivt och negativt skapar både användare och icke-användare hållbara system. Denna avhandling finner att involvering i samskapande varken är binärt eller en engångsföreteelse. Det är snarare ett spektrum som kännetecknas av olika intensitet när det gäller hur individer fördjupar sig i och under en process. För det andra är genererar samskapande flerdimensionellt lärande och strategisk riktning för alla inblandade parter. Dessutom fördjupar det människor i beteendeförändringar genom att exponera dem för möjligheter till förändring, vilket skapar förtroende för nya energieffektiva och koldioxidreducerande alternativ, validerar den logistiska användbarheten av nya hållbara system och dess verkliga effekter, och stimulerar ytterligare engagemang i ny hållbar systemutveckling. För det tredje är tillvägagångssättet för samskapande fortfarande nytt i praktiken och visar sig vara utmanande ur en ledningssynpunkt när gemensamma visioner och mål inte är tillräckliga för att samordna intressenter. Resultaten tyder på att gemensamt formspråk, som använder både kognitiva och fysiska verktyg för att underlätta samskapande för användare och andra intressenter, anpassar och stödjer samskapande. 

Slutligen ger denna avhandling empiriskt stöd för att människor på ett meningsfullt sätt kan vara delaktiga i att skapa möjligheter och möjligheter till förändring, vilket utmanar de nuvarande mekanismer som används för att påverka samhälleliga beteendeförändringar, t.ex. incitament och nudging. Det antyder att design kan främja närvaron av människor för vilka de designade systemen är avsedda, och göra det på platser där de är kontextualiserade, t.ex. installation av protodesign i verkliga boende- och arbetsmiljöer. Genom involvering av olika användare och icke-användare visar samskapande sig vara helt nödvändigt, inte bara för att utveckla nya transportsystem, utan också för att öka tillgängligheten för hållbara transportinnovationer. Ett ökat engagemang i design och utveckling av nya system skulle kunna bidra till att av-legitimera deltagande i de gamla systemen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. , p. 101
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2021:48
Keywords [en]
co-creation; design; sustainable transport systems; sustainable design
National Category
Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified Design Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304949ISBN: 978-91-8040-078-7 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-304949DiVA, id: diva2:1611978
Public defence
2021-12-07, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61500195477, Brinellvägen 26, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Energy AgencyVinnovaMistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental ResearchAvailable from: 2021-11-17 Created: 2021-11-16 Last updated: 2025-05-05Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Involving users and user roles in the transition to sustainable mobility systems: The case of light electric vehicle sharing in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Involving users and user roles in the transition to sustainable mobility systems: The case of light electric vehicle sharing in Sweden
Show others...
2019 (English)In: Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, ISSN 1369-8478, E-ISSN 1873-5517, Vol. 71, p. 207-221Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Low-carbon mobility alternatives, such as shared services integrating light electric vehicles, support transitions to sustainable transport systems. However, new products and services are not enough, as changes must also incorporate the practices of travelling, infrastructure, and mobility cultures in which users of mobility solutions are core stakeholders. This paper argues that userinvolvement is necessary in sustainable innovation processes but that the expected diversity of user roles and their involvement can also lead to contrasting outcomes for sustainable innovation transitions. Guided by theory in user involvement, this study investigated users and nonusers of light electric vehicles in a sharing mobility service system set up as living lab in two large workplaces in Sweden. Fifty-one interviews with employees at the workplaces were conducted during the implementation process and analysed combined with a questionnaire and data from system tracking through sensor technology. The paper finds that both users and non-users are co-creators in building momentum for sustainable mobility alternatives and provides a spectrum of user roles with defined characteristics. Four roles are distinguished within this spectrum: vigilant users, passive collaborators, active decision makers and ambassadors. We suggest that a convergent activation strategy is deployed for involving a full spectrum of users in order to capture their insights in ways that positively affect transition. Such a strategy addresses users and non-users as part of decision-making concerning alternatives and cultivates a culture of user collaboration, while also enabling a plurality of contributions in order to challenge existing regimes and established practices among individuals

Keywords
User roles; User involvement; Sustainable innovation; Shared mobility services; Ambassadors
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-250288 (URN)10.1016/j.trd.2018.12.011 (DOI)000471361300014 ()2-s2.0-85059134890 (Scopus ID)
Projects
KTH Mobility Pool
Note

QC 20190429

Available from: 2019-04-29 Created: 2019-04-29 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
2. Shared mobility services versus private car: Implications of changes in everyday life
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Shared mobility services versus private car: Implications of changes in everyday life
2020 (English)In: Journal of Cleaner Production, ISSN 0959-6526, E-ISSN 1879-1786, Vol. 259, article id 120845Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Reducing private car commuting is necessary for decarbonisation of cities; meanwhile, new shared mobility services provide an alternative to cars for daily commuting proposing a transition of user behaviour towards more sustainable mobility practices. In this paper, we investigate changes in everyday life practices when private car commuting is replaced with a shared mobility alternative, integrating lightweight small size electric vehicles (LEVs) in a peer-to-peer shared mobility service. Through a living lab experiment, a long-term empirical study with 16 individual households in Sweden was conducted employing a mixed methods approach. Using social practice theory as an analytical lens, we interrogate in depth the process of change in users’ everyday lives to understand challenges in integrating shared mobility services into everyday practice, and the implications for transition towards sustainable mobility practices from a user's everyday life point of view. The results show that a new mobility service can play a role in reconfiguring the meaning of private car commuting in terms of its related impacts, as well as increase knowledge and trust in sustainable alternatives. However, integrating shared mobility services in everyday practices showed that it became difficult to manage after six months, particularly for users with children. Our study demonstrates that current everyday life logistics, time affluence, and effort requirements are critical variables for enabling practice changes towards more sustainable mobility alternatives, such as a light electric vehicle sharing service. To enable people to reduce private car use, a more integrated and systemic design approach is needed for alternatives to become competitive with the notion of cars in everyday mobility.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020
Keywords
Everyday life logistics, Living lab, Practice change, Sustainable mobility services, Users
National Category
Civil Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276338 (URN)10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120845 (DOI)000530395400010 ()2-s2.0-85081129537 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20200616

Available from: 2020-06-16 Created: 2020-06-16 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
3. Co-creation with diverse actors for sustainability innovation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Co-creation with diverse actors for sustainability innovation
2017 (English)In: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED17), Vol. 8: Human Behaviour in Design, Vancouver, Canada, 21.-25.08.2017 / [ed] Anja Maier, Stanko Škec, Harrison Kim, Michael Kokkolaras, Josef Oehmen, Georges Fadel, Filippo Salustri, Mike Van der Loos, Vancouver, 2017, Vol. 8Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Sustainability driven innovations differ from current established technologies imposing new

requirements on users and often interdependent with other actors’ changes. Strategic Niche Management

(SNM) stresses interactions between actors through niches i.e. protected spaces for experimentation to

support innovation. However, it is unclear what activities are necessary when different actors are

involved in developing and diffusing sustainability innovation. This paper aims at identifying activities

crucial for sustainability innovation in an implemented mobility project. The results show that cocreation

through iterations and reflections by combinations of diverse actors and users can be considered

a core process for sustainability innovation. Six activities are identified as critical: matching the

interdependencies by combining the actors’ diverse competences and resources; facilitating to steer the

group of actors into actions; engaging users at early stages of innovation; trying to drive change by

offering the users an opportunity; co-creating through a multitude of actors with the development and

usage simultaneously; steering and facilitating to enable co-creation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Vancouver: , 2017
Series
ICED, ISSN 2220-4342
Keywords
Co-creation; Innovation; Sustainability; Product-Service Systems (PSS)
National Category
Social Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-250291 (URN)000455207100047 ()2-s2.0-85029761882 (Scopus ID)
Conference
21ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING DESIGN, ICED17
Note

QC 20190429

Available from: 2019-04-29 Created: 2019-04-29 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
4. Aligning private and public domains for sustainable disruptive innovation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Aligning private and public domains for sustainable disruptive innovation
2016 (English)In: Proceedings og 17th International CINet Conference / [ed] Dr. Paolo Neirotti, Turin, 2016Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper addresses the constellation of various actors from private and public

sectors represented by three companies, a municipality, a non-profit

organization, a research lab and users to collaborate on bringing forward a

sustainability driven disruptive innovation. The purpose of the paper is to

investigate how the various actors’ interests and contributions influence the

management of the collaboration setup and what barriers and enablers boost or

impede the outcome of the setup, i.e. deploying an innovation with sustainability

promise. We argue that the alignment of diverse actors’ interests and aims for

the innovation in collaborative settings is crucial for the collaboration to lead to

desirable outcomes. However, only alignment at an abstract level cannot ensure

success even when actors bring competencies that balance the innovation

requirements. Rather, creating cohesion and commitment of all actors

simultaneously at a concrete level is necessary. The integration of new

approaches to collaboration such as design methods may strengthen

commitment despite actors coming from different organizational cultures and

traditions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Turin: , 2016
Keywords
Strategic niche management; sustainable innovation; transportation; collaboration
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-250290 (URN)
Conference
17th International CINet Conference
Note

QC 20190429

Available from: 2019-04-29 Created: 2019-04-29 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
5. Co-Creating Service Concepts for the Built Environment Based on the End-User's Daily Activities Analysis: KTH Live-in-Lab Explorative Case Study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Co-Creating Service Concepts for the Built Environment Based on the End-User's Daily Activities Analysis: KTH Live-in-Lab Explorative Case Study
2021 (English)In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 13, no 4, article id 1942Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The purpose of this study is to synthesize the widely used theories about co-creation from two main perspectives: co-creation as an innovation process and co-creation as a design process applied to the service concept design in the built environment context. The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry do not have much application of end-user-oriented service design in general, especially with intensive co-creation processes. To facilitate such a process, we are using a living lab environment as a laboratorial model of the real built environment, but with the opportunity to have access to the end-users and different types of stakeholders. Using the KTH Live-in-Lab explorative case study, we were able to discuss the concept of co-creation by distinguishing between co-creation as innovation and co-creation as a design process, facilitating the process of co-creation of service concepts for the proposed built environment including methods from both perspectives: innovation and design, and evaluating the process of service concepts co-creation for the built environment from the point of innovation, knowledge transfer, sustainability, and user experience.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2021
Keywords
co-creation, service concept, living lab environment, built environment
National Category
Business Administration
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292588 (URN)10.3390/su13041942 (DOI)000624838800001 ()2-s2.0-85101635146 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210412

Available from: 2021-04-12 Created: 2021-04-12 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
6. A socio-technical experiment with a resource efficient product service system
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A socio-technical experiment with a resource efficient product service system
Show others...
2021 (English)In: Resources, Conservation and Recycling, ISSN 0921-3449, E-ISSN 1879-0658, Vol. 166, article id 105364Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper describes a socio-technical experiment relating to a sustainable innovation project conducted in a protected niche or "living lab" and evaluates the ability of the experiment to generate learning and strategic direction. The study focused on a Product Service System (PSS) for renting infant mobility products to consumers. A PSS is a resource efficient system of products and services supported by networks and infrastructure. In the experiment, refurbished products were rented to 1044 families, with some products being reutilized three times. Learnings were generated through five stages: combining competences and resources, steering and facilitating change, engaging users at early stages, offering users opportunities to modify practices through trial and capturing and mediating mutual learning through knowledge co-creation. The observed environmental benefits included reduction of particulate plastic matter released into the environment and transportation of materials. Considerable barriers to the implementation of the PSS in the open market were identified, including attrition through loss or damage, product liability and consumer distrust in sharing products due to fear of contagion.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2021
Keywords
Infant mobility products, Product Service System, Resource efficiency, Socio-technical experiments, Strategic Niche Management
National Category
Other Engineering and Technologies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-289945 (URN)10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105364 (DOI)000608645900032 ()2-s2.0-85098564840 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210211

Available from: 2021-02-11 Created: 2021-02-11 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved

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