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2020 (English)In: ACS Nano, ISSN 1936-0851, E-ISSN 1936-086X, Vol. 14, no 6, p. 6774-6784Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]
The macro- and microstructural evolution of water swollen and ethanol swollen regenerated cellulose gel beads have been determined during drying by optical microscopy combined with analytical balance measurements, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Two characteristic length scales, which are related to the molecular dimension of cellulose monomer and elongated aggregates of these monomers, could be identified for both types of beads by SAXS. For ethanol swollen beads, only small changes to the structures were detected in both the SAXS and WAXS measurements during the entire drying process. However, the drying of cellulose from water follows a more complex process when compared to drying from ethanol. As water swollen beads dried, they went through a structural transition where elongated structures changed to spherical structures and their dimensions increased from 3.6 to 13.5 nm. After complete drying from water, the nanostructures were characterized as a combination of rodlike structures with an approximate size of cellulose monomers (0.5 nm), and spherical aggregates (13.5 nm) without any indication of heterogeneous meso- or microporosity. In addition, WAXS shows that cellulose II hydrate structure appears and transforms to cellulose II during water evaporation, however it is not possible to determine the degree of crystallinity of the beads from the present measurements. This work sheds lights on the structural changes that occur within regenerated cellulose materials during drying and can aid in the design and application of cellulosic materials as fibers, adhesives, and membranes.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS), 2020
Keywords
cellulose, gel bead, drying structural evolution, X-ray scattering
National Category
Polymer Technologies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278617 (URN)10.1021/acsnano.0c00171 (DOI)000543744100036 ()32383585 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85085690637 (Scopus ID)
Note
QC 20200729
2020-07-292020-07-292022-06-26Bibliographically approved