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Minimally Invasive Catheter-Based Technologies
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Micro and Nanosystems.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1235-9099
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

A simple incision procedure in a blood vessel makes the entire vascular system accessible. Through contrast injection and X-ray visualization, the vascular tree can be mapped and navigated through manual manipulation of thin tubes and wires. This utilization of the vasculature as internal pathways is commonly referred to as the endovascular technique. This technique can be used to deliver implants and drugs, retrieve problematic lesions or objects from the vasculature, or take tissue samples. Compared to open surgery, the advantage of this technique lies in the reduced invasiveness, ideally only leaving a small incision scar at the point of entry. Some interventions, however, are still associated with certain risks, requiring medication or complicating further interventions. The development of sequencing technologies presents an opportunity to improve and miniaturize devices, reducing invasiveness. This thesis aims to mitigate these risks and capitalize on the potential of next generation sequencing through microfabrication technologies, producing devices that are less invasive than current methods or that enable a new procedure.

Initially, the aspect of endovascular heart biopsy is covered. The first work presents the fabrication and in vivo evaluation of a nitinol-based catheter device designed for extracting myocardial tissue. The device is fabricated through picosecond laser machining of nitinol tubes and wires, producing a device that is substantially smaller than what is currently used. The samples are evaluated and compared to samples extracted with conventional devices through RNA-Sequencing, verifying the proof of concept. The second work further emphasizes the device's functionality by evaluating it in a disease model of endomyocardial infarction. Tissue that is affected by the infarct and surrounding healthy tissue is extracted and compared in terms of its genetic expression. This comparison reveals a genetic discrepancy between the sick and healthy tissue, verifying the potential of using the device with RNA-sequencing for diagnostic purposes. The third work evaluates the safety aspects of the novel device in a head-to-head comparison with a conventional device. The study reveals a clear benefit of using the smaller device in terms of the complication rate during the procedure.

The fourth work presents the fabrication and in vivo evaluation of another nitinol based catheter device designed for endothelial cell sampling. The device is fabricated through two-photon polymerization technologies, producing sub-mm brush structures mounted on a nitinol wire. Currently, there are no devices in clinical use that are capable of exclusively extracting endothelial cells. The novel device presents a solution for selective interaction with the innermost layer of the blood vessel. It represents an important step toward sampling endothelial cells for diagnostic and research purposes.

The fifth and sixth works collectively present two different aspects of a third nitinol based catheter device designed to sample tissue from soft organs anywhere in the body. The device is fabricated using laser micromachining, grinding, and two-photon polymerization. The work is separated in terms of the in vivo evaluation and the technical solution. The technical aspects of the device are examined in terms of force generation in miniaturized catheter systems and the problems that arise in terms of mechanical scaling. These problems are solved by attaching pistons along the wire surface coupled with applied pressure to increase the force generated. The sampling with this device is realized, similar to the fourth work, with sub-mm brushes mountedon the wire. In vivo evaluation of this device reveals successful sampling of minute tissue quantities from the liver and kidney, in the size range of 10-100 cells per sample.

The seventh work presents the in vivo and in vitro performance of a nanostructure coating on nitinol-based stents. Patients with a stent implant are prescribed an extensive medication regimen to counteract the metal implant's effects on the blood and surrounding tissue. This issue is being continuously targeted by new stent platforms, either with a drug-eluting polymer layer or by being resorbable by the body or through various other means. These implants all have a transient behavior, resulting in different issues over time. Paper VII presents an alternative approach to this problem by instead applying a nanostructure coating that is designed to interact with the blood to a much lesser degree, as demonstrated by CT-angiography and the measurement of multiple biomarkers.

Abstract [sv]

Med ett snitt i ett blodkärl tillgängliggörs hela kärlsystemet. Genom kontrastinjektion och röntgenvisualisering kan man kartlägga och navigera kärlträdet med hjälp av manuell manipulation av tunna rör och trådar. Användandet av kärlträdet som interna vägar kallas i dagligt tal för den endovaskulära tekniken. Med denna teknik kan man leverera implantat och mediciner, extrahera problematiska lesioner eller objekt, eller ta vävnadsprover. Jämfört med öppen kirurgi så är fördelen med denna teknik den minskade invasiviteten, där ett litet sår vid ingången till kärlträdet är det enda som återstår, i idealfallet. Vissa procedurer är dock fortfarande förknippade med vissa risker som kräver medicinering eller som försvårar vidare behandlingar. Utvecklingen av sekvenseringstekniker möjliggör förbättring och miniatyrisering av verktyg och på så sätt en minskning av dess invasivitet. Denna avhandling ämnar att minska riskerna som förknippas med endovaskulära procedurer och att kapitalisera på potentialen som sekvensering representerar. Genom tekniker för mikrofabrikation tillverkas verktyg som är mindre invasiva än nuvarande metoder eller som möjliggör en ny procedur.

Inledningsvis kommer endovaskulär hjärtbiopsi att beskrivas. Det första arbetet presenterar tillverkningen och in vivo-utvärderingen av ett nitinol-baserat kateterverktyg designat för att extrahera vävnad från myokardiet. Verktyget är tillverkat med laserbearbetning av nitinolrör och trådar, med hjälp av en pikosekundlaser. Verktyget är avsevärt mindre än de som används kliniskt idag. Proverna som tas utvärderas och jämförs med prover som tas med konventionella verktyg genom RNA-Sekvensering, där konceptets genomförbarhet bevisas. Det andra arbetet fördjupar utvärderingen av verktygets funktionalitet genom att utvärdera det i en sjukdomsmodell, specifikt en modell av hjärtinfarkt. Vävnad som påverkas av infarkten och omkringliggande, frisk vävnad extraheras med verktyget och dess genuttryck jämförs. Denna jämförelse avslöjar en genetisk diskrepans mellan sjuk och frisk vävnad, vilket verifierar potentialen med att använda RNA-sekvensering för diagnostik. Det tredje arbetet utvärderar säkerhetsaspekterna hos det nya verktyget genom en direkt jämförelse med det konventionella verktyget. Studien visar på en klar fördel i att använda det nya verktyget med avseende på incidensen av komplikationer under proceduren.

Det fjärde arbetet presenterar tillverkningen och in vivo-utvärderingen av ytterligare ett nitinol-baserat kateterverktyg designat för att provtagning av endotelceller. Verktyget tillverkas med hjälp av tvåfotonpolymerisering, där sub-mm borststrukturer tillverkas och monteras på nitinoltråd. För närvarande finns inga verktyg i kliniskt bruk som klarar att selektivt extrahera endotelceller. Det nya verktyget presenterar en lösning för att selektivt interagera med det innersta lagret av blodkärlet och motsvarar ett viktigt steg mot provtagning av endotelceller för diagnostiska syften och för forskning.

Det femte och sjätte arbetet presenterar två aspekter av ett tredje nitinol-baserat kateterverktyg designat för att ta prover från mjuka organ i kroppen. Verktyget tillverkas med laserbearbetning, slipning och tvåfotonpolymerisering. Arbetena är separerade i in vivo-utvärderingen och den tekniska lösningen. De tekniska aspekterna av verktyget utvärderas vad gäller kraftgenerering hos miniatyriserade kateter-system och de problem som uppstår med mekanisk skalning. Dessa problem löses genom att tillsätta pistonger längs tråden och applicera ett tryck för att öka kraftgenereringen. Provtagningsmekanismen liknar den som presenteras i det fjärde arbetet, där liknande sub-mm borststrukturer tillsatts på en tråd. In vivo-utvärdering av verktyget visar på framgångsrik provtagning från lever och njure, i storleksordningen 10-100 celler per prov.

Det sjunde arbetet presenterar in vivo- och in vitro-utvärderingen av en nanostruktur-beläggning på nitinol-baserade stentar. Patienter med ett stentimplantat ordineras en extensiv medicinering för att kontra effekterna som implantatet har på blodet och omkringliggande vävnad. Nya stentplattformar utvecklas löpande för att kontra dessa effekter, exempelvis genom beläggningen av ett polymerlager som innehåller medicin, genom resorberbara implantat och många andra sätt. Dessa implantat har ett transient beteende som resulterar i olika problem på längre sikt. Det sjunde arbetet presenterar en alternativ lösning till dessa problem genom att applicera en nanostruktur-beläggning som är designat att interagera med blodet till en mindre grad. Detta demonstreras med CT-angiografi och mätningen av flertalet blodmarkörer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. , p. 67
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2023:32
National Category
Other Medical Biotechnology
Research subject
Medical Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-333680ISBN: 978-91-8040-641-3 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-333680DiVA, id: diva2:1786471
Public defence
2023-09-08, B2, Brinellvägen 23, Stockholm, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Joint degree programme between KI and KTH. 

QC 2023-08-10

Available from: 2023-08-10 Created: 2023-08-09 Last updated: 2025-12-03Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Myocardial micro-biopsy procedure for molecular characterization with increased precision and reduced trauma
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Myocardial micro-biopsy procedure for molecular characterization with increased precision and reduced trauma
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2020 (English)In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 10, no 1, article id 8029Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Endomyocardial biopsy is a valuable tool in cardiac diagnostics but is limited by low diagnostic yield and significant complication risks. Meanwhile, recent developments in transcriptomic and proteomic technologies promise a wealth of biological data from minimal tissue samples. To take advantage of the minimal tissue amount needed for molecular analyses, we have developed a sub-millimeter endovascular biopsy device, considerably smaller than current clinical equipment, and devised a low-input RNA-sequencing protocol for analyzing small tissue samples. In in vivo evaluation in swine, 81% of biopsy attempts (n=157) were successful. High quality RNA-sequencing data was generated from 91% of the sequenced cardiac micro-biopsy samples (n=32). Gene expression signatures of samples taken with the novel device were comparable with a conventional device. No major complications were detected either during procedures or during 7 days' follow-up, despite acquiring a relatively large number of biopsies (median 30) in each animal. In conclusion, the novel device coupled with RNA-sequencing provides a feasible method to obtain molecular data from the myocardium. The method is less traumatic and has a higher flexibility compared to conventional methods, enabling safer and more targeted sampling from different parts of the myocardium.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2020
National Category
Cancer and Oncology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281166 (URN)10.1038/s41598-020-64900-w (DOI)000562205900004 ()32415191 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85084785903 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20201015

Available from: 2020-10-15 Created: 2020-10-15 Last updated: 2023-08-09Bibliographically approved
2. Micro-biopsy for detection of gene expression changes in ischemic swine myocardium: A pilot study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Micro-biopsy for detection of gene expression changes in ischemic swine myocardium: A pilot study
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2021 (English)In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 16, no 4, p. e0250582-, article id e0250582Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Micro-endomyocardial biopsy (micro-EMB) is a novel catheter-based biopsy technique, aiming to increase flexibility and safety compared to conventional EMB. The technique was developed and evaluated in healthy swine. Therefore, the ability to detect disease related tissue changes could not be evaluated. The aim of the present pilot study was to investigate the ability to detect disease related gene expression changes using micro-EMB. Myocardial infarction was induced in three swine by coronary artery balloon occlusion. Micro-EMB samples (n = 164) were collected before, during, and after occlusion. RNA-sequencing was performed on 85 samples, and 53 of these were selected for bioinformatic analysis. A large number of responding genes was detected from the infarcted area (n = 1911). The early responding genes (n = 1268) were mostly related to apoptosis and inflammation. There were fewer responding genes two days after infarction (n = 6), which were related to extra-cellular matrix changes, and none after 14 days. In contrast to the infarcted area, samples harvested from a non-infarcted myocardial region showed considerably fewer regulated genes (n = 33). Deconvolution analysis, to estimate the proportion of different cell types, revealed a higher proportion of fibroblasts and a reduced proportion of cardiomyocytes two days after occlusion compared to baseline (p < 0.02 and p < 0.01, respectively. S5 File). In conclusion, this pilot study demonstrates the capabilities of micro-EMB to detect local gene expression responses at an early stage after ischemia, but not at later timepoints.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2021
National Category
Neurology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298769 (URN)10.1371/journal.pone.0250582 (DOI)000662174400057 ()33909677 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85105065198 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210719

Available from: 2021-07-19 Created: 2021-07-19 Last updated: 2023-08-09Bibliographically approved
3. Safety evaluation of high-risk myocardial micro-biopsy in a swine model
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Safety evaluation of high-risk myocardial micro-biopsy in a swine model
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2022 (English)In: Heart and Vessels, ISSN 0910-8327, E-ISSN 1615-2573, Vol. 37, no 4, p. 697-704Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The objective of the study was to investigate the safety profile of high-risk micro-endomyocardial biopsy (micro-EMB) compared to conventional EMB in a large animal model. Twenty pigs were subjected to a maximum of 30 consecutive biopsies, including sampling from the free ventricular wall, with either micro-EMB (n = 10) or conventional EMB (n = 10). There were no major complications in the micro-EMB group (0/10), compared to six major complications in the EMB group (6/10; p = 0.003). Survival analysis further highlighted these differences (p = 0.004). There were significantly higher volumes of pericardial effusion in the EMB group (p = 0.01). The study shows a safety advantage of micro-EMB compared to standard EMB in the experimental high-risk circumstances investigated in this animal study. These results indicate enhanced possibilities to collect samples from sensitive areas by using the micro-EMB technique instead of standard EMB. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2022
Keywords
Endomyocardial biopsy, Interventional cardiology, Micro-biopsy, Safety, adverse event, animal, biopsy, cardiac muscle, diagnostic imaging, heart catheterization, heart ventricle, human, pathology, pericardial effusion, pig, procedures, Animals, Cardiac Catheterization, Heart Ventricles, Humans, Myocardium, Swine
National Category
Surgery Cardiology and Cardiovascular Disease Anesthesiology and Intensive Care
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-313197 (URN)10.1007/s00380-021-01995-9 (DOI)000721677700001 ()34812914 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85119686688 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20220607

Available from: 2022-06-07 Created: 2022-06-07 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved
4. Endovascular Device for Endothelial Cell Sampling
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Endovascular Device for Endothelial Cell Sampling
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2022 (English)In: Advanced NanoBiomed Research, ISSN 2699-9307, Vol. 2, no 10, p. 2200023-2200023Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Endothelial cells play an important role in several vascular diseases, and molecular analysis of these cells could provide valuable information on underlying tissue status. However, no clinically established procedure for harvesting endothelial cells exists. A micro-3D-printed device adapted for endovascular techniques to harvest endothelial cells for transcriptomic analysis is presented. In vivo evaluation in swine (n = 6) yielded tissue samples in 60 out of 65 cases, of which 80% show a substantial amount of tissue. The cytological evaluation indicates high selectivity towards endothelial cells, and RNA-sequencing shows gene expression signatures consistent with vascular tissue. It is found that there are no short-term safety risks compared to operation with a control wire of equal dimensions and acute complications are not detected. If translated to clinical use, the device could enable increased understanding of early-stage endothelial cell-mediated disease progression and earlier diagnosis of diseases such as atherosclerosis.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2022
National Category
Medical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-320764 (URN)10.1002/anbr.202200023 (DOI)000842788400001 ()2-s2.0-85165487788 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Familjen Erling-Perssons StiftelseOlle Engkvists stiftelseKnut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
Note

QC 20221109

Available from: 2022-10-31 Created: 2022-10-31 Last updated: 2024-08-28Bibliographically approved
5. Sampling through a transvascular working channel
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Sampling through a transvascular working channel
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Endovascular biopsies are widely utilized for many organs, either as standard practice or when there are contraindications to the percutaneous route. Depending on the target site, currently used devices for sampling through the endovascular route is either not possible to use, such as in the brain, or present certain risks due to their size, such as in the heart or liver. A recent development in catheter technology has opened up new possibilities for parenchymal access through a microscopic working channel. Through this method essentially all organs can be accessed safely without causing hemorrhagic complications. Here, an endovascular sampling device designed to be used through this channel is presented. The device contains 3D-printed brush structures and is tested in the liver and kidney. Cytological data reveals the presence of the tissue in question. 

National Category
Surgery
Research subject
Medical Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-333676 (URN)
Note

QC 20230809

Available from: 2023-08-08 Created: 2023-08-08 Last updated: 2023-08-09Bibliographically approved
6. Hydraulic micropistons enable high-force operations through miniaturized catheters
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hydraulic micropistons enable high-force operations through miniaturized catheters
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Objective: As catheter sizes decrease, traditional navigation techniques for endovascular catheter-based devices within small working channels may fail due to mechanical scaling laws. This study evaluates a novel solution employing micropistons mounted on an intraluminal device in a miniaturized catheter to increase force generation at the distal end. Methods: The force exerted by a wire at the distal end of a catheter was measured under various degrees of bending and in an artificial vascular path. Our micropiston solution was benchmarked against conventional flushing techniques and manual pushing. Results: Incorporating micropistons to the internal wire consistently increased the generated force across all measured instances. This effect was more pronounced at higher degrees of bending, where manual pushing was deemed unfeasible. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that micropistons can effectively augment the delivery and operation of small wires, potentially overcoming the problems associated with extremely downscaled intraluminal devices. Significance: This advancement may enable the use of catheter systems much smaller than what is currently used.  

National Category
Medical Instrumentation
Research subject
Medical Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-333677 (URN)
Note

QC 20230809

Available from: 2023-08-08 Created: 2023-08-08 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved
7. A novel noble metal stent coating reduces in vitro platelet activation and acute in vivo thrombosis formation: a blinded study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A novel noble metal stent coating reduces in vitro platelet activation and acute in vivo thrombosis formation: a blinded study
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Inherent to any stenting procedure is the prescription of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) to reduce the platelet response. Clinical guidelines recommend 6 - 12 months of DAPT, depending on stent type, clinical picture and patient factors. Our hypothesis is that a nanostructured noble metal coating has the potential to reduce protein deposition and platelet activation, which in turn could reduce the need for DAPT. Here, a noble metal nanostructure coating on stents is investigated. Twelve pigs underwent endovascular implantation of coated and non-coated stents for paired comparisons in a double-blinded study design. The non-coated control stent was placed at the contralateral corresponding artery. Volumetric analysis of angiographic data, performed by a treatment blinded assessor, demonstrated a significant thrombus reduction for one of the coatings compared to control. This effect was already seen one hour after implantation. This finding was supported by in vitro data showing a significant reduction of coagulation activation in the coated group. This novel coating shows promise as an implant material addition and could potentially decrease the need for DAPT in the acute clinical setting.

National Category
Cardiology and Cardiovascular Disease
Research subject
Medical Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-333678 (URN)
Note

QC 20230809

Available from: 2023-08-08 Created: 2023-08-08 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved

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