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Photoluminescence-based characterization of bioengineered nanovesicles and erbium emitters
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics. KTH. (Nonlinear Quantum Photonics)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8661-6583
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In recent decades, photoluminescence properties of single molecules and ions have opened new possibilities for studies on smaller size scales, below the light-diffraction limit. In this thesis, the advantages of such single photon emitters were harnessed and studied mainly in the field of biophysics, but also, in investigations within solid state photonics. The first aspect encompassed studies on extracellular vesicles (EVs) and nanovesicles derived from red blood cell (RBC) membranes which were bioengineered for drug delivery applications. RBC-derived vesicles demonstrated high biocompatibility and low immunogenicity, offering superior production scalability over physiological EVs. However, thorough physical characterizations of such nanovesicles are yet to be developed. Such investigations are essential for their clinical deployment, for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Initially, the morphology and size-stability of vesicles were investigated by applying atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering. These studies demonstrated the size heterogeneity and agglomeration tendencies of the vesicles. Comparative studies on physiological EVs revealed a higher size stability, while RBC-produced vesicles showed about 50 % reversible agglomerations. Secondly, a dual-colour coincident fluorescent burst (DC-CFB) experimental analysis technique was developed. DC-CFB was then used to characterize and profile the cargo-loading yields of bioengineered nanovesicles, overcoming challenges related to their small size (below the diffraction limit), their inherent heterogeneity, and the presence of free, non-encapsulated cargoes. The developed methodology was then applied to explore the loading with relatively small single nucleotides (dUTP) as well as larger antibody (Ab) molecules, motivated by the prospective role of such EVs and EV-mimetic bioengineered vesicles as nanocarriers of therapeutic drugs. The studies demonstrated consistent average loading yields of around 14-20 % for both cargo types (dUTP and Ab) into both vesicle categories, i.e., EVs and RBC-derived vesicles. Additionally, the analysis capability of the DC-CFB technique at single-vesicle and single-molecule levels, afforded analyses of the number of loaded molecules inside each vesicle, and how this number varied with the vesicle size. On average, this number was found to be greater than two, for both cargo types. Overall, the developed techniques based on fluorescence single photon counting provided a comprehensive assessment of the drug loading properties of nanovesicles. Such bioengineered nanocarriers have a disruptive potential for pharmaceutical applications. The last part of the thesis investigates the realm of solid-state on-chip photon emitters. Specifically, it considers the integration of erbium ions, exhibiting photoluminescent emission in the telecommunication C-band, into thin film lithium niobate (TFLN) waveguides. An Er-ion implantation process compatible with integrated optical circuits in x-cut TFLN was developed and the erbium photoluminescence properties were investigated versus temperature. These preliminary studies provide a foundation for future integration of Er single photon emitters into TFLN-based photonic components.

Abstract [sv]

Under de senaste årtiondena har fotoluminescens-egenskaper hos enskilda molekyler och joner öppnat nya möjligheter till studier på mindre storleksskalor, under ljusdiffraktionsgränsen. I den här avhandlingen utnyttjades och studerades fördelarna med sådana enskilda foton-källor främst inom biofysik, men också för undersökningar inom fasta tillståndets fotonik. Det första aspekten omfattade studier av extracellulära vesiklar (EVs) och nanovesiklar, genererade från röda blodkroppars (RBC) membran, och utformade för applikationer rörande leverans av läkemedel i kroppen. De RBC-genererade vesiklarna uppvisade hög biokompatibilitet och låg immunogenicitet och erbjöd en överlägsen uppskalbarhet för produktion jämfört med fysiologiska EVs. Emellertid måste noggranna fysiska karakteriseringar av sådana nanovesiklar ännu utvecklas. Sådana undersökningar är nödvändiga för att i förlängningen kunna använda denna typ av vesiklar klinikst, för terapeutiska och diagnostiska ändamål. Inledningsvis undersöktes morfologin och storleksstabiliteten hos vesiklarna genom atomkraftsmikroskopi och dynamisk ljusspridning. Dessa studier visade på storleksheterogenitet och agglomereringstendenser hos vesiklarna. Jämförande studier av fysiologiska EVs avslöjade deras förhållandevis högre storleksstabilitet, medan RBC-producerade vesiklar uppvisade reversibla agglomerationer i omkring 50 % av fallen. För det andra utvecklades en experimentell analysmetod med tvåfärgs-avläsning av sammanfallande fluorescens-signaler (DC-CFB). Metoden användes sedan för att karakterisera och profilera molekylupptaget hos de bioteknologiskt framtagna nanovesiklarna. Därmed var det möjligt att hantera vesiklarnas ringa storlek (under diffraktionsgränsen), deras inneboende heterogenitet och närvaron av fria, icke-inkapslade molekyler. Den utvecklade metoden tillämpades därefter för att utforska upptaget i vesiklarna av relativt små nukleotider (dUTP) såväl som av större antikroppsmolekyl (Ab), motiverat utifrån en möjlig framtida användning av sådana EVs och EV-mimetiska vesiklar som nanobärare av terapeutiska läkemedel. Studierna visade genomgående genomsnittliga upptag runt 14-20 % för båda molekyl-typerna (dUTP och Ab), i både EVs och i de RBC-tillverkade vesiklarna. Dessutom möjliggjorde DC-CFB-tekniken analyser på enstaka-vesikel och enstaka-molekylnivå, av antalet upptagna molekyler inuti varje vesikel i förhållande till dess storlek. I genomsnitt var detta antal större än två för de båda upptagna molekyl-typerna. Sammantaget gav de utvecklade teknikerna, baserade på detektion av enstaka fluorescens--fotoner, en omfattande bedömning av kapaciteten för läkemedelsupptag hos nanovesiklar. Bioteknologiska nanotransportörer av detta slag har en betydande potential för farmaceutiska tillämpningar. Den sista delen av avhandlingen undersöker området för fasta tillståndets on-chip-fotonemitterare. Mer specifikt undersöks integrationen av erbiumjoner, som uppvisar fotoluminescerande emission i telekommunikations-C-bandet, i tunnfilmer av litiumniobat (TFLN) vågledare. En Er-jonimplanteringsprocess som är kompatibel med integrerade optiska kretsar I x-delat TFLN utvecklades och erbiums fotoluminescensegenskaper undersöktes i förhållande till temperaturen. Dessa inledande studier utgör en grund för framtida integration av enskilda fotonemitterare av Er i TFLN-baserade fotoniska komponenter.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024.
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2023:64
Keywords [en]
Bioengineered nanovesicles, Coincident fluorescent burst analysis, Drug loading, Erbium emitters, Lithium niobate, Photoluminescence.
Keywords [sv]
Bioingenjörskonstruerade nanovesiklar, Analys av sammanfallande fluorescerande blossteknik, Läkemedelslastning, Erbium-emitterare, Lithium niobate, Fotoluminiscens.
National Category
Biophysics Nano Technology
Research subject
Biological Physics; Physics, Optics and Photonics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-341884ISBN: 978-91-8040-797-7 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-341884DiVA, id: diva2:1824352
Public defence
2024-02-02, Pärlan, Albano, Hus 1, Plan 6, Stockholm, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2024-01-08

Available from: 2024-01-08 Created: 2024-01-05 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Size stability and self-agglomeration of erythrocyte-derived membrane nanovesicles versus physiological extracellular vesicles
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Size stability and self-agglomeration of erythrocyte-derived membrane nanovesicles versus physiological extracellular vesicles
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and plasma membrane-derived exosome-mimetic nanovesicles demonstrate significant potential for drug delivery. Latter synthetic provides higher throughput over physiological EVs. However they face size-stability and self-agglomeration challenges in physiological solutions to be properly characterized and addressed. Here we demonstrate a fast and high-throughput nanovesicle screening methodology relying on dynamic light scattering (DLS) complemented by atomic force microscopy (AFM)measurements, suitable for the evaluation of hydrodynamic size instabilities and aggregation effects in nanovesicle solutions under varying experimental conditions and apply it to the analysis of bio-engineered nanovesicles derived from erythrocytes as well as physiological extracellular vesicles isolated from animal seminal plasma. The synthetic vesicles exhibit a significantly higher degree of agglomeration, with only 8 % of them falling within the typical extracellular vesicle size range (30-200 nm) in their original preparation conditions. Concurrent zeta potential measurements performed on both physiological and syntheticnanovesicles yielded values in the range of -17 to -22 mV, with no apparent correlation to their agglomeration tendencies. However, mild sonication and dilution were found to be effective means to restore the portion of EVs-like nanovesicles in synthetic preparations to values of 54% and 63%, respectively, The results illustrate the capability of this DLS-AFM-based analytical method for real-time, high-throughput and quantitative assessments of agglomeration effects and size instabilities in bioengineered nanovesicle solutions, providing a powerful and easy-to-use tool to gain insights to overcome such deleterious effects and leverage the full potential of this promising biocompatible drug-delivery carriers for a broad range of pharmaceutical applications.

Keywords
Atomic force microscopy, detergent-resistant membrane vesicles, dynamic light scattering, physiological extracellular vesicles, self-agglomeration, size-stability, zeta potential.
National Category
Nano Technology
Research subject
Physics, Biological and Biomedical Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-341652 (URN)10.48550/arXiv.2312.03554 (DOI)
Note

QC 20231228

Available from: 2023-12-28 Created: 2023-12-28 Last updated: 2024-01-05Bibliographically approved
2. Coincident Fluorescence‐Burst Analysis of the Loading Yields of Exosome‐Mimetic Nanovesicles with Fluorescently‐Labeled Cargo Molecules
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Coincident Fluorescence‐Burst Analysis of the Loading Yields of Exosome‐Mimetic Nanovesicles with Fluorescently‐Labeled Cargo Molecules
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2022 (English)In: Small, ISSN 1613-6810, E-ISSN 1613-6829, Vol. 18, no 12, p. 2106241-2106241Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2022
National Category
Biophysics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-319727 (URN)10.1002/smll.202106241 (DOI)000748617600001 ()35084110 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85123708519 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationKnut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationSwedish Research Council, 2018‐04487
Note

QC 20221011

Available from: 2022-10-06 Created: 2022-10-06 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
3. Antibody-loading of biological nanocarrier vesicles derived from red-blood-cell membranes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Antibody-loading of biological nanocarrier vesicles derived from red-blood-cell membranes
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Antibodies, disruptive potent therapeutic agents against pharmacological targets, face a barrier crossing immune-system and cellular-membranes. To overcome these, various strategies have been explored including shuttling via liposomes or bio-camouflaged nanoparticles.Here, we demonstrate the feasibility to load antibodies into exosome-mimetic nanovesicles derived from human red-blood-cell-membranes. The goat-anti-chicken antibodies are loaded into erythrocyte-membrane derived nanovesicles and their loading yields are characterized and compared with smaller dUTP-cargo. Applying dual-color coincident fluorescence burst methodology, the loading yield of nanocarriers is profiled at single-vesicle level overcoming their size-heterogeneity and achieving a maximum of 38-41% antibody-loading yield at peak radius of 52 nm. The average of 14 % yield and more than two antibodies per vesicle is estimated, comparable to those of dUTP-loaded nanovesicles after additional purification through exosomespin-column. These results suggest a promising route for enhancing biodistribution andintracellular accessibility for therapeutic antibodies using novel, biocompatible, and lowimmunogenicity nanocarriers, suitable for large-scale pharmacological applications.

Keywords
Antibody loading, nanovesicles, biomimetic drug carriers, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, coincident fluorescence burst analysis, atomic force microscopy
National Category
Nano Technology
Research subject
Physics, Optics and Photonics; Physics, Biological and Biomedical Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-341000 (URN)10.48550/arXiv.2312.03417 (DOI)
Note

QC 20231229

Available from: 2023-12-18 Created: 2023-12-18 Last updated: 2024-01-05Bibliographically approved
4. Erbium implantation in thin film Lithium Niobate
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Erbium implantation in thin film Lithium Niobate
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2023 (English)In: 2023 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe and European Quantum Electronics Conference, CLEO/Europe-EQEC 2023, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI), thanks to its electro-optic properties and second order nonlinearity, is one of the most promising photonic materials for on-chip implementation of a complex photonic integrated circuit (PIC) [1]. Integration of rare earth ion emitters (RIE), characterized by high coherent transitions in both optical and microwave domains, into LNOI is a very attractive perspective to fully exploit the potential of this material in quantum optics applications and for on chip light generation and amplification. By choosing Erbium ions these functionalities can be implemented at telecom wavelengths (~1550 nm). Erbium integration in LNOI can be achieved using the smart cut technique [2]. However, this approach implies heating the material up to ~1100 ºC, approaching the Curie temperature of lithium niobate (~1200 ºC). Ion implantation also permits the incorporation of RIE into the lithium niobate (LN) crystal structure, operating at lower temperature with high spatial precision of the doped region in a complex PIC.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2023
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-339699 (URN)10.1109/CLEO/EUROPE-EQEC57999.2023.10232542 (DOI)2-s2.0-85175715141 (Scopus ID)
Conference
2023 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe and European Quantum Electronics Conference, CLEO/Europe-EQEC 2023, Munich, Germany, Jun 26 2023 - Jun 30 2023
Note

Part of ISBN 979-835034599-5

QC 20231116

Available from: 2023-11-16 Created: 2023-11-16 Last updated: 2024-03-29Bibliographically approved

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