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The influence of bicarbonate concentration and ionic strength on peroxide speciation and overall reactivity towards UO2
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5167-0202
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0663-0751
2024 (English)In: RSC Advances, E-ISSN 2046-2069, Vol. 14, no 23, p. 16248-16254Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

H2O2 produced from water radiolysis is expected to play a significant role in radiation induced oxidative dissolution of spent nuclear fuel under the anoxic conditions of a deep geological repository if the safety-barriers fail and ground water reaches the fuel. It was recently found that the coordination chemistry between U(vi), HCO32− and H2O2 can significantly suppress H2O2 induced dissolution of UO2 in 10 mM bicarbonate. This was attributed to the much lower reactivity of the U(vi)O22+-coordinated O22− as compared to free H2O2. We have extended the study to lower bicarbonate concentrations and explored the impact of ionic strength to elucidate the rationale for the low reactivity of complexed H2O2. The experimental results clearly show that dissolution of U(vi) becomes suppressed at [HCO3−] < 10 mM. Furthermore, we found that the reactivity of the peroxide in solutions containing U(vi) becomes increasingly more suppressed at lower carbonate concentration. The suppression is not influenced by the ionic strength, which implies that the low reactivity of O22− in ternary uranyl-peroxo-carbonato complexes is not caused by electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged complex and the negatively charged UO2-surface as we previously hypothesized. Instead, the suppressed reactivity is suggested to be attributed to inherently higher stability of the peroxide functionality as a ligand to UO22+ compared to as free H2O2.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) , 2024. Vol. 14, no 23, p. 16248-16254
National Category
Inorganic Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-347093DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02281eISI: 001228791200001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85193788147OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-347093DiVA, id: diva2:1864341
Note

QC 20240610

Available from: 2024-06-03 Created: 2024-06-03 Last updated: 2025-11-17Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Chemistry Beyond Containment: Kinetic and Mechanistic Insights into Spent Nuclear Fuel Dissolution
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Chemistry Beyond Containment: Kinetic and Mechanistic Insights into Spent Nuclear Fuel Dissolution
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Safe disposal of high-level radioactive waste is crucial for protecting human health and the environment over geological timescales. A detailed understanding of the chemical processes that govern fuel corrosion is therefore essential for reliable safety assessments. A scenario of particular concern involves groundwater intrusion following the failure of the engineered barriers designed to contain the spent fuel. In this case, groundwater in contact with the fuel becomes exposed to ionizing radiation, producing radicals and molecules that can shift the conditions from reducing to oxidizing. Among the radiolytic oxidants, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is expected to have the greatest impact on the rate of fuel oxidation. The presence of carbonate in groundwater enhances the dissolution of oxidized UO2—the main constituent of spent nuclear fuel—through the formation of soluble uranyl–carbonate complexes. This thesis examines several aspects of the oxidative dissolution of UO2. One aspect is the effect of uranyl ion (UO22+) accumulation in the near-surface solution on the overall oxidation rate. It was found that increasing concentrations of UO22+ suppress H2O2-induced oxidation by reducing the concentration of free, reactive H2O2 through the formation of inert uranyl–peroxo–carbonate complexes. UO22+ was also found to affect the stability of H2O2 in irradiated solutions. In the presence of O2, UO22+ can suppress the concentration of H2O2 through selective reduction of uranyl–peroxo–carbonate complexes by the superoxide radical. Under anoxic (N2) atmosphere, UO22+ scavenges reducing radicals (e-aq and H),which increases the H2O2 concentration of the γ-irradiated solution. The kinetics of carbonate-facilitated dissolution were also re-evaluated, as previous models were based on systems where oxidation and dissolution occurred simultaneously. In the absence of oxidants, dissolution itself was found to be a multistep process with an apparent activation energy of (34.8 ± 3.2) kJ mol-1. The reaction order with respect to bicarbonate varied between 0.5 and 1.5 within the temperature range (283–333) K and bicarbonate concentrations of (1.3–15) mM. The dependence on the oxidation state of uranium oxide showed three distinct stages: (1) a rapid initial release of a small fraction, (2) a slower, nearly constant releases rate (independent of the remaining oxidized fraction), and (3) a gradual rate decrease as the oxidized product approached depletion. Finally, comparative studies of Pd-doped and undoped UO₂ thin films in the presence of H2 confirmed that any uncatalyzed H2 effect is several orders of magnitude less efficient at inhibiting oxidative dissolution. Palladium was found to reduce the oxide only partially, to a U(V) intermediate, identified as UO₂OH, based on a calculated U:O atom ratio of 1:3 and an average uranium oxidation state of +5. 

Abstract [sv]

Ett säkert slutförvar av radioaktivt avfall är avgörande för att skydda människors hälsa och miljön över geologiska tidskalor. En detaljerad förståelse av de processer som styr korrosionen och upplösningen av utbränt kärnbränsle är en förutsättning för robusta riskanalyser av det planerade geologiskad jupförvaret. Ett scenario som särskilt beaktas är ett grundvattenintrång, tillföljd av nedbrytningen av de säkerhetsbarriärer som håller förvaringen intakt. I detta fall blir det inträngande vattnet exponerat för joniserande strålning från det radioaktiva bränslet. Denna bestrålning leder till radiolys av vattnet, en process som genererar reaktiva radikaler och molekyler som kan skifta förhållandena från reducerande till oxiderande. Bland de radiolysgenererade oxidanterna är det väteperoxid (H2O2) som förväntas ha det största inflytandet på bränslets oxidation. Karbonatjoner i grundvattnet driver upplösning av oxiderad UO2 (huvudkomponenten i bränslet från lättvattenreaktorer) genom bildandet av lösliga uranyl-karbonat-komplex. Denna avhandling undersöker ett flertal aspekter relaterade till den oxidativa upplösningen av UO2. En aspekt är effekten av uppbyggnaden av upplöst bränslematris (UO22+) i vätskefasen, på den fortgående oxidationshastigheten av UO2. Uppbyggnaden av UO22+ i vätskefasen visades hämma H2O2-inducerad oxidation genom en förskjutning av jämvikten från reaktiv H2O2 mot inerta uranyl-peroxid-karbonat-komplex. Vidare observerades at UO22+ kan både sänka och höja halten av radiolytiskt bildad H2O2 i karbonatlösning under bestrålning. I fall då O2 finns löst i vattnet sänks halten av H2O2 genom en UO22+-katalyserad reaktion mellansuperoxidradikalen (O2●-) och uranyl-peroxid-karbonat-komplexet. I syrefrialösningar kan UO22+ förhöja halten av H2O2 genom infångandet av reducerande radikaler (e-aq och H). Kinetiken för karbonatdriven upplösning av oxiderad UO2 omprövades då tidigare studier utförts under förhållanden där upplösning och oxidation sker simultant. I ett system där UO2 oxiderades separat från själva upplösningen, observerades att upplösningen i sig är en komplex process med den observerade aktiveringsenergin (34,8 ± 3,2) kJ mol⁻¹. Reaktionsordningen med avseende på karbonat varierade mellan 0,5 och 1,5 inom temperaturintervallet (283 – 333) K och karbonatkoncentrationer mellan (1,3 –15) mM. Beroendet av uranoxidens oxidationsgrad på upplösningshastighet visade sig ha tre distinkta faser: (1) en snabb upplösning av en mindre fraktion, (2) en långsammare upplösning med konstant hastighet (oberoende av oxideradprodukt), och (3) ett gradvis avtagande av upplöningshastighet då endast en liten fraktion av den oxiderade produkten kvarstår. Slutligen visade jämförelser av Pd-dopade UO2-tunnfilmer och UO2-tunnfilmer utan Pd, i närvaro av H2 att en potentiell H2 effekt utan Pd-katalysator är ett flertal storleksordningar mindre effektiv i att hämma oxidationen av UO2 jämfört med den Pd-katalyserade reduktionen av oxiderad UO2 med H2. Palladium visade sig endast delvis reducera och skydda filmen mot korrosion, genom bildandet av en ren uran(V) intermediär (mellan U(IV)O2 och U(VI)O3). Denna Intermediär bedömdes mest troligt vara UO2OH genom beräkningar av atomförhållandet U:O samt uranets oxidationstillstånd +5. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 99
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2025:36
Keywords
Deep Geological Repository, Spent nuclear fuel, Uranium dioxide, Radiolysis, Oxidative Dissolution, UO2 Dissolution, Corrosion, Geologiskt djupförvar, Kärnbränsleavfall, Urandioxid, UO2, Radiolys, Oxidativ Upplösning, Korrosion
National Category
Physical Chemistry
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-373028 (URN)978-91-8106-483-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-12-19, D3, Lindstedtsvägen 5, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company, SKB, 4501746484
Note

QC 20251119

Available from: 2025-11-19 Created: 2025-11-17 Last updated: 2025-11-19Bibliographically approved

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Olsson, DanielAydogan, HazalJonsson, Mats

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