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Experimental characterization and modelling of the resistive wall mode response in a reversed field pinch
KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), Elektroteknik, Fusionsplasmafysik.ORCID-id: 0000-0001-8673-9612
KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), Elektroteknik, Fusionsplasmafysik.ORCID-id: 0000-0002-5259-0458
2022 (engelsk)Inngår i: Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, ISSN 0741-3335, E-ISSN 1361-6587, Vol. 64, nr 5, artikkel-id 055011Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

Model-based control algorithms have potential advantages for resistive wall mode (RWM) feedback control. In this study, a physics model of the RWM response to externally applied perturbation fields is validated against experiments in a reversed field pinch (RFP). The experimental characterization of the RWM plasma response is performed in the EXTRAP T2R device by the excitation of nonaxisymmetric perturbation magnetic fields utilizing an external array of saddle coils for RWM control. The modelling and experimental validation is carried out with an extended sensor array, resolving a wider spectrum of RWM compared to earlier studies, covering the relevant poloidal m = 1 and toroidal -32 < n < 32 modes for this high aspect ratio RFP device. In addition to the nonresonant unstable modes, which are the primary target of RWM feedback control, this spectrum also includes a wide range of resonant modes. The validated resistive magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model includes the passive stabilization effect on these modes from intrinsic plasma rotation. The inclusion of resistivity and plasma rotation in the present model provides a substantially better agreement between modelled and experimental growth rates than that observed in earlier studies using the ideal MHD model. The present model provides a realistic description of the plasma response for both nonresonant and resonant modes, which is both relatively simple and compatible with the computing capabilities and latency limitations encountered in practical implementations of model-based control algorithms.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
IOP Publishing , 2022. Vol. 64, nr 5, artikkel-id 055011
Emneord [en]
resistive wall mode, reversed field pinch, experimental characterization, modelling, plasma response, feedback control
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311531DOI: 10.1088/1361-6587/ac5cf9ISI: 000780055800001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85128840364OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-311531DiVA, id: diva2:1655065
Merknad

QC 20220429

Tilgjengelig fra: 2022-04-29 Laget: 2022-04-29 Sist oppdatert: 2025-10-24bibliografisk kontrollert
Inngår i avhandling
1. Active control of resistive wall modes and error field compensation in reversed field pinch devices
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Active control of resistive wall modes and error field compensation in reversed field pinch devices
2025 (engelsk)Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
Abstract [en]

The advanced tokamak scenario relevant for steady state operation require a conductive shell to stabilize the ideal Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD) modes with fast growth rate on the Alfvén time scale. However, for pulse lengths τp longer than the shell time τw , the finite conductivity of the shell introduces the Resistive Wall Mode (RWM) instability. In the absence of plasma rotation, RWMs can be controlled using magnetic feedback and model-based control algorithms have potential advantages for RWM feedback control. In this work, a white-box physics model has been used to characterize the RWM plasma response. The RWM plasma response has been experimentally validated by the excitation of nonaxisymmetric perturbation magnetic fields utilizing an array of control coils on the Reversed Field Pinch (RFP) device EXTRAP T2R. EXTRAP T2R is equipped with an extended sensor array, enabling a wide spectrum of RWMs to be resolved and experimentally validated. A model-based optimal control method for multi-mode RWM feedback stabilization has been designed, implemented and tested in plasma experiments at EXTRAP T2R. EXTRAP T2R utilizes a feedback controller that is designed to address challenges that arise in connection with RWM magnetic feedback stabilization systems that rely on discrete control coil and sensor arrays in tokamak and RFP devices. In these devices, the systems for multi-mode control capabilities is limited due to coupling of modes induced by the control system. The coupling arises from the generation of side-band control field harmonics and from the aliasing of multiple harmonics in the sensor measurements, resulting in a Multi Input, Multiple Output (MIMO) control problem. To adress this, the MIMO control problem can be Fourier-decoupled into a set of Single Input, Multiple Output (SIMO) systems using the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). This decoupling enables the design of a controller with enhanced multi-mode control capabilities compared to previous controller designs. The controller design allows for prioritizing suppression of one of the multiple magnetic field Fourier harmonics produced by a given control current DFT component. Plasma experiments at the EX-TRAP T2R device, utilizing the extended sensor array and the enhanced capabilities for multiple RWM feedback stabilization have demonstrated the effectiveness of the controller in achieving multiple RWM feedback stabilization. The RWM feedback stabilization has been implemented using a linear physics model-based Linear Quadratic (LQ) optimal control algorithm that has been extended to include Error Field (EF) correction. The EF correction is based on a scheme known in control engineering as disturbance estimation and rejection. The new RWM control algorithm is implemented and tested in EXTRAP T2R plasma experiments that performs real-time EF estimation and feedforward EF compensation in parallel with feedback stabilization. The EF correction leads to improved performance of the RFP plasma, indicated by lower plasma resistance and sustained, less perturbed intrinsic tearing mode rotation, visible as a reduction of the temporal fluctuations in the mode rotation frequency. The estimated spatial and temporal structure of the EF provides useful information for identification of the EF sources in the EX-TRAP T2R device.

Abstract [sv]

Det avancerade tokamak scenariot, relevant för stationär drift använder en omgivande elektriskt ledande vägg för att stabilisera ideala MHD moder med hög tillväxttakt. Men, för plasmapulser som varar längre än väggens karakteristiska tid för genomträngning av magnetfältet, så ger den ändliga konduktiviteten i väggen upphov till resistiv-vägg instabilitet (”Resistive Wall Mode”). I frånvaro av plasmarotation så kan RWM stabiliseras med magnetisk återkoppling, och för denna metod har modell-baserade styralgoritmer potentiella fördelar. I detta arbete har en ”white-box” fysikalisk modell använts för att karaktärisera plasma-svaret för RWM. Plasma-svaret för RWM har validerats experimentellt vid reverserad-fält pinch (”Reversed-field pinch”) (”RFP”) experimentet EXTRAP T2R genom excitation av asymmetriska magnetiska störfält, som skapas av en matris av styrspolar. EXTRAP T2R är utrustad med en omfattande sensor-matris, som möjliggör upplösning och experimentell validering av ett brett spektrum av RWM. En modell-baserad optimal styrmetod för återkopplad stabilisering av multipla RWM har designats, implementerats och testats vid plasmaexperiment i EXTRAP T2R. En styralgoritm har designats för att möta de utmaningar som uppkommer i samband med styrsystem som består av matriser av diskreta styrspolar och sensorer i tokamak och RFP. Dessa system har begränsade möjligheter för multi-mod stabilisering på grund av koppling mellan moder via styrsystemet. Kopplingen uppkommer genom generation av övertoner i styrfältet, och från ”aliasing” av dessa i sensorsignalen. Detta resulterar i ett ”Multi-Input, Multi-Output” (”MIMO”) styrproblem. Detta MIMO styrproblem har med användning av Diskret Fourier Transform (DFT) delats upp ett antal mindre ”Single-Input, Multi-Output” (”SIMO”) styrproblem. En styralgoritm har designats som har förbättrade möjligheter, och som bland annat tillåter prioritering av en av flera övertoner för en given DFT komponent av styrströmmen. Plasmaexperiment vid EXTRAP T2R har demonstrerat dessa förbättrade möjligheter. Metoden som använder en modell-baserad linjärkvadratisk (”Linear-Quadratic”) (”LQ”) optimal styralgoritm har utvidgats till att inkludera fältfel (”Error field”) (”EF”) korrektion. Metoden bygger på störningsestimering och kompensering (”Disturbance estimation and rejection”). Styralgoritmen som har implementerats och testats vid EXTRAP T2R utför störningsestimering i realtid och EF korrektion parallellt med RWM stabilisering. EF korrektionen medför förbättrade egenskaper hos RFP plasmat, som lägre plasmaresistans och mindre fluktuationer i rotationsfrekvensen för resonanta ”tearing” moder. Rums- och tidsvariationen av estimerat EF ger information om källorna till EF i EXTRAP T2R anläggningen.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. s. xi, 89
Serie
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2025:21
Emneord
Resistive wall mode, Reversed field pinch, Experimental characteri- zation, Modelling, Feedback control, Multiple modes, Optimal control, Error field correction
HSV kategori
Forskningsprogram
Elektro- och systemteknik
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372090 (URN)978-91-8106-195-6 (ISBN)
Disputas
2025-11-25, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63681858855, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26 & 28, Stockholm, 09:00 (engelsk)
Opponent
Veileder
Merknad

QC 20251031

Tilgjengelig fra: 2025-10-31 Laget: 2025-10-24 Sist oppdatert: 2025-11-03bibliografisk kontrollert

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Saad, ErikBrunsell, Per R.

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