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Tools for the development of intensified perfusion processes for mammalian cell culture
KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), Industriell bioteknologi. (Cell Technology Group)ORCID-id: 0000-0002-0584-841x
2022 (engelsk)Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
Abstract [en]

Recombinant protein therapeutics have become an indispensable part of modern medicine to treat a wide variety of diseases. Their manufacture is mostly based on mammalian cells with fed-batch production bioreactors and downstream batch purification unit operations. Although significant improvements have been made over the last decades to yield high production titers, concerns about their high capital investment costs and limitations in production flexibility have been raised. As a result, the biopharmaceutical industry is slowly transitioning to continuous biomanufacturing with perfusion bioreactors and integrated continuous downstream processes. The potential to maintain very high cell densities over extended process times in a perfusion culture offers higher volumetric productivities in comparison to fed-batch. This intensified production of recombinant proteins can be performed in smaller volumes, thus reducing equipment size and capital costs. However, new challenges are emerging from this shift to continuous bioprocessing. These include the lack of available scale-down models to streamline process development programs, limited knowledge on the optimization of culture medium and perfusion feed strategy, and shortage of tools for the in-line monitoring of relevant culture parameters to ensure stable perfusion operation with consistent product quality.

This thesis presents tools for the development of intensified perfusion processes with mammalian cells. Monoclonal antibody producing Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells or erythropoietin producing Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK293) cells were used as model organisms in the studies. Efforts were made to develop a small-scale perfusion system of 200 mL optimized for long-term steady-state cultivations with achievable cell densities of at least 108 cells/mL. It was shown that volumetric productivities increased linearly with the cell density, thus demonstrating successful process intensification by high cell density perfusion. The small scale of this perfusion bioreactor enabled the conduction of a larger number of experiments with reduced workload and material consumption in a shorter timeframe in the following studies. To control the formation of byproducts, such as lactate, and the N-glycosylation of antibodies, which is an important quality attribute, a novel feed strategy for sugars including glucose, mannose and galactose was developed and implemented. With this feeding strategy, the sugars are delivered to match a target cell specific consumption rate, independent of the cell specific perfusion rate (CSPR). Furthermore, a high cell density perfusion process at a CSPR of 15 pL cell-1 day-1 was developed with high specific antibody productivity after sequential scanning of multiple steady states with various cell densities and perfusion rates. The dynamics in culture parameters from these development runs allowed the calibration of predictive models based on Raman spectroscopy, to enable real-time monitoring of multiple parameters in a perfusion culture. It was shown for example that the N-glycosylation profile was predicted with sufficient accuracy in validation experiments. Moreover, the perfusion process developed on small scale was transferred to a 30 L pilot-scale process, where it was successfully operated for 20 days. The steady state operation ensured a consistent product quality and the integrated continuous downstream process removed most impurities, while ensuring a high recovery yield. Finally, a strategy for perfusion medium optimization in CHO cell cultures operated with very low CSPR was presented by utilizing microbioreactors in combination with design of experiments methodology.

To conclude, the strategies presented in this thesis provide a new toolbox for the development and control of intensified perfusion processes, and supports the biopharmaceutical industry in their efforts to swiftly adapt continuous bioprocessing in commercial manufacturing of recombinant proteins.

Abstract [sv]

Rekombinant proteinbaserade bioläkemedel har blivit en oumbärlig del av modern medicin för behandling av en mängd olika sjukdomar. Deras tillverkning är huvudsakligen baserad på däggdjursceller producerade i fed-batch odlingar i bioreaktorer, följt av nedströms reningsprocess utfärd batchvis. Trots att betydande förbättringar har skett under de senaste decennierna för att öka deras produktionstitrar, är deras höga kapitalinvesteringskostnader och begränsningar i produktionsflexibilitet problematiska. Till följd av detta övergår den biofarmaceutiska industrin sakta mot kontinuerlig tillverkning med perfusionsbioreaktorer och integrerade kontinuerliga nedströmsprocesser. Potentialen att upprätthålla mycket höga celltätheter under långa processtider i en perfusionsodling ger högre volymetrisk produktivitet jämfört med fed-batch. Denna intensifierade produktion för rekombinanta proteiner kan utföras i mindre volymer vilket minskar storlek på utrustning och kapitalkostnader. Nya utmaningar uppstår dock vid övergång till kontinuerlig process. Dessa inkluderar brist på nedskalningsmodeller för att effektivisera processutveckling, begränsad kunskap om optimering av odlingsmedium och strategier for perfusion, samt brist på verktyg för in-line monitoring av relevanta odlingsparametrar för att säkerställa stabil perfusionsproduktion med konsekvent produktkvalitet.

Denna avhandling presenterar verktyg för utveckling av intensifierade perfusionsprocesser baserade på däggdjursceller. Monoklonal antikropps-producerande Chinese Hamster Ovary celler (CHO) eller erytropoietin-producerande humana embryonala njurceller (HEK293) användes som modellorganismer i studierna. Ett småskaligt perfusionssystem på 200 mL utvecklades, optimerat för långtidsodlingar i stabilt tillstånd med celltätheter på minst 108 celler/ml. Den volymetriska produktiviteten ökade linjärt med celltätheten, vilket visade framgångsrik processintensifiering med perfusion vid hög celltäthet. Tack vare den lilla storleken på perfusionsbioreaktorn, kunde ett större antal experiment med minskad arbetsbelastning och materialförbrukning genomföras inom en kortare tidsram i följande studier. För att kontrollera skapandet av biprodukter, såsom laktat, och N-glykosyleringen av antikroppar, vilket är en viktig kvalitetsegenskap, implementerades en ny feedingsstrategi för sockerarter inklusive glukos, mannos och galaktos. Med denna feedingsstrategi levereras sockerarterna för att matcha en målcellspecifik konsumtionshastighet, oberoende av den cellspecifika perfusionshastigheten (CSPR). Vidare utvecklades en perfusionsprocess med hög celltäthet vid en CSPR på 15 pL cell-1 dag-1 med hög specifik antikroppsproduktivitet efter sekventiell skanning av flera steady-states med olika celltätheter och perfusionshastigheter. Dynamiken i odlingsparametrar från dessa utvecklingskörningar möjliggjorde kalibrering av prediktiva modeller baserade på Raman-spektroskopi, för att möjliggöra realtidsmonitorering av flera parametrar i en perfusionsodling. Till exempel förutspåddes N-glykosyleringsprofilen med tillfredsställande noggrannhet i valideringsexperiment. Dessutom överfördes den perfusionsprocessen utvecklad i liten skala till en 30 L pilotskalaprocess, där den drevs framgångsrikt i 20 dagar. Driften i steady-state säkerställde en konsekvent produktkvalitet och den integrerade kontinuerliga nedströmsprocessen tog bort de flesta föroreningar, samtidigt som ett högt utbyte uppnåddes. Slutligen presenteras en strategi för optimering av perfusionsmedium för CHO-cellodlingar drivna vid mycket låg CSPR, genom att använda mikrobioreaktorer i kombination med Design of Experiment-metodik.

Sammanfattningsvis presenterar denna avhandling en verktygslåda med strategier för utveckling och kontroll av intensifierade perfusionsprocesser, samt stöder den biofarmaceutiska industrin i deras anpassning till kontinuerlig bioprocessteknik för kommersiell tillverkning av rekombinanta proteiner.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. , s. 104
Serie
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2022:35
Emneord [en]
Recombinant protein biomanufacturing, Perfusion process, Integrated continuous bioprocessing, Monoclonal antibody, Erythropoietin, Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, Human Embryonic Kidney cells, Perfusion medium optimization, Cell specific perfusion rate, Raman spectroscopy, N-glycosylation, Microbioreactors, Design of Experiments
HSV kategori
Forskningsprogram
Bioteknologi
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312457ISBN: 978-91-8040-274-3 (tryckt)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-312457DiVA, id: diva2:1659096
Disputas
2022-06-14, FD5, Roslagstullsbacken 21, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_vf2gdwkYTOatngRI16Emxw https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_vf2gdwkYTOatngRI16Emxw, Stockholm, 13:00 (engelsk)
Opponent
Veileder
Merknad

QC 2022-05-19

Tilgjengelig fra: 2022-05-19 Laget: 2022-05-18 Sist oppdatert: 2022-09-20bibliografisk kontrollert
Delarbeid
1. Small-scale bioreactor supports high density HEK293 cell perfusion culture for the production of recombinant Erythropoietin
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Small-scale bioreactor supports high density HEK293 cell perfusion culture for the production of recombinant Erythropoietin
Vise andre…
2020 (engelsk)Inngår i: Journal of Biotechnology, ISSN 0168-1656, E-ISSN 1873-4863, Vol. 309, s. 44-52Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

Process intensification in mammalian cell culture-based recombinant protein production has been achieved by high cell density perfusion exceeding 10(8) cells/mL in the recent years. As the majority of therapeutic proteins are produced in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, intensified perfusion processes have been mainly developed for this type of host cell line. However, the use of CHO cells can result in non-human posttranslational modifications of the protein of interest, which may be disadvantageous compared with human cell lines. In this study, we developed a high cell density perfusion process of Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK293) cells producing recombinant human Erythropoietin (rhEPO). Firstly, a small-scale perfusion system from commercial bench-top screening bioreactors was developed for < 250 mL working volume. Then, after the first trial runs with CHO cells, the system was modified for HEK293 cells (more sensitive than CHO cells) to achieve a higher oxygen transfer under mild aeration and agitation conditions. Steady states for medium (20 x 10(6) cells/mL) and high cell densities (80 x 10(6) cells/mL), normal process temperature (37 degrees C) and mild hypothermia (33 degrees C) as well as different cell specific perfusion rates (CSPR) from 10 to 60 pL/cell/day were applied to study the performance of the culture. The volumetric productivity was maximized for the high cell density steady state but decreased when an extremely low CSPR of 10 pL/cell/day was applied. The shift from high to low CSPR strongly reduced the nutrient uptake rates. The results from our study show that human cell lines, such as HEK293 can be used for intensified perfusion processes.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Elsevier, 2020
Emneord
Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, Erythropoietin, High cell density culture, Human embryonic kidney 239 (HEK293) cells, Perfusion process, Small-scale bioreactor
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-268782 (URN)10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.12.017 (DOI)000510824700005 ()31891733 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85077033718 (Scopus ID)
Merknad

QC 20200226

Tilgjengelig fra: 2020-02-26 Laget: 2020-02-26 Sist oppdatert: 2024-03-18bibliografisk kontrollert
2. Control of IgG glycosylation in CHO cell perfusion cultures by GReBA mathematical model supported by a novel targeted feed, TAFE
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Control of IgG glycosylation in CHO cell perfusion cultures by GReBA mathematical model supported by a novel targeted feed, TAFE
Vise andre…
2021 (engelsk)Inngår i: Metabolic engineering, ISSN 1096-7176, E-ISSN 1096-7184, Vol. 65, s. 135-145Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

The N-linked glycosylation pattern is an important quality attribute of therapeutic glycoproteins. It has been reported by our group and by others that different carbon sources, such as glucose, mannose and galactose, can differently impact the glycosylation profile of glycoproteins in mammalian cell culture. Acting on the sugar feeding is thus an attractive strategy to tune the glycan pattern. However, in case of feeding of more than one carbon source simultaneously, the cells give priority to the one with the highest uptake rate, which limits the usage of this tuning, e.g. the cells favor consuming glucose in comparison to galactose. We present here a new feeding strategy (named ‘TAFE’ for targeted feeding) for perfusion culture to adjust the concentrations of fed sugars influencing the glycosylation. The strategy consists in setting the sugar feeding such that the cells are forced to consume these substrates at a target cell specific consumption rate decided by the operator and taking into account the cell specific perfusion rate (CSPR). This strategy is applied in perfusion cultures of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, illustrated by ten different regimes of sugar feeding, including glucose, galactose and mannose. Applying the TAFE strategy, different glycan profiles were obtained using the different feeding regimes. Furthermore, we successfully forced the cells to consume higher proportions of non-glucose sugars, which have lower transport rates than glucose in presence of this latter, in a controlled way. In previous work, a mathematical model named Glycan Residues Balance Analysis (GReBA) was developed to model the glycosylation profile based on the fed carbon sources. The present data were applied to the GReBA to design a feeding regime targeting a given glycosylation profile. The ability of the model to achieve this objective was confirmed by a multi-round of leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV), leading to the conclusion that the GReBA model can be used to design the feeding regime of a perfusion cell culture to obtain a desired glycosylation profile.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Elsevier BV, 2021
Emneord
Antibody, CHO cells, Feed design, Galactose, Glucose, Glycosylation, GReBA, Mannose, Mathematical modelling, Perfusion culture, Animal cell culture, Carbon, Feeding, Glycoproteins, Mammals, Polysaccharides, Rhenium compounds, Statistical methods, Attractive strategies, Chinese Hamster ovary cells, Different carbon sources, Leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV), Mammalian cell culture, N-linked glycosylation, Perfusion cell cultures, Quality attributes, Cells
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-290849 (URN)10.1016/j.ymben.2020.11.004 (DOI)000638267100005 ()33161144 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85096187644 (Scopus ID)
Merknad

QC 20210323

Tilgjengelig fra: 2021-04-21 Laget: 2021-04-21 Sist oppdatert: 2023-09-26bibliografisk kontrollert
3. Monitoring of amino acids and antibody N-glycosylation in high cell density perfusion culture based on Raman spectroscopy
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Monitoring of amino acids and antibody N-glycosylation in high cell density perfusion culture based on Raman spectroscopy
2022 (engelsk)Inngår i: Biochemical engineering journal, ISSN 1369-703X, E-ISSN 1873-295X, Vol. 182, s. 108426-, artikkel-id 108426Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

Raman spectrum based predictive models provide a process analytical technology (PAT) tool for monitoring and control of culture parameters in bioprocesses. Steady-state perfusion cultures generate a relatively stable metabolite profile, which is not conducive to modeling due to the absence of variations of culture parameters. Here we present an approach where different steady-states obtained by variation of the cell specific perfusion rate (CSPR) between 10 and 40 pL/(cell * day) with cell densities up to 100 × 106 cells/mL during the process development provided a dynamic culture environment, favorable for the model calibration. The cell density had no effect on the culture performance at similar CSPR, however a variation in the CSPR had a strong influence on the metabolism, mAb productivity and N-glycosylation. Predictive models were developed for multiple culture parameters, including cell density, lactate, ammonium and amino acids; and then validated with new runs performed at multiple or single steady-states, showing high prediction accuracy. The relationship of amino acids and antibody N-glycosylation was modeled to predict the glycosylation pattern of the product in real time. The present efficient process development approach with integration of Raman spectroscopy provides a valuable PAT tool for later implementation in steady-state perfusion production processes.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Elsevier BV, 2022
Emneord
CHO cells, Monoclonal antibody, Perfusion process, PLS model, Process analytical technology, Raman spectroscopy
HSV kategori
Forskningsprogram
Bioteknologi
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312095 (URN)10.1016/j.bej.2022.108426 (DOI)000793504600007 ()2-s2.0-85127796396 (Scopus ID)
Merknad

QC 20230616

Tilgjengelig fra: 2022-05-10 Laget: 2022-05-10 Sist oppdatert: 2023-06-16bibliografisk kontrollert
4. Integrated continuous biomanufacturing on pilot scale for acid-sensitive monoclonal antibodies
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Integrated continuous biomanufacturing on pilot scale for acid-sensitive monoclonal antibodies
Vise andre…
2022 (engelsk)Inngår i: Biotechnology and Bioengineering, ISSN 0006-3592, E-ISSN 1097-0290Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

In this study, we demonstrated the first, to our knowledge, integrated continuous bioprocess (ICB) designed for the production of acid-sensitive monoclonal antibodies, prone to aggregate at low pH, on pilot scale. A high cell density perfusion culture, stably maintained at 100 × 106 cells/ml, was integrated with the downstream process, consisting of a capture step with the recently developed Protein A ligand, ZCa; a solvent/detergent-based virus inactivation; and two ion-exchange chromatography steps. The use of a mild pH in the downstream process makes this ICB suitable for the purification of acid-sensitive monoclonal antibodies. Integration and automation of the downstream process were achieved using the Orbit software, and the same equipment and control system were used in initial small-scale trials and the pilot-scale downstream process. High recovery yields of around 90% and a productivity close to 1 g purified antibody/L/day were achieved, with a stable glycosylation pattern and efficient removal of impurities, such as host cell proteins and DNA. Finally, negligible levels of antibody aggregates were detected owing to the mild conditions used throughout the process. The present work paves the way for future industrial-scale integrated continuous biomanufacturing of all types of antibodies, regardless of acid stability.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Wiley, 2022
Emneord
Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, ZCa ligand, antibody aggregation, antibody manufacturing, continuous chromatography, integrated continuous bioprocess, perfusion culture
HSV kategori
Forskningsprogram
Bioteknologi
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-309567 (URN)10.1002/bit.28120 (DOI)000791816100001 ()35470430 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85129383183 (Scopus ID)
Merknad

QC 20220523

Tilgjengelig fra: 2022-03-07 Laget: 2022-03-07 Sist oppdatert: 2026-01-30bibliografisk kontrollert
5. CHO culture medium optimization with fully-continuous perfusion microbioreactors aided by Design of Experiments
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>CHO culture medium optimization with fully-continuous perfusion microbioreactors aided by Design of Experiments
(engelsk)Manuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
HSV kategori
Forskningsprogram
Bioteknologi
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312101 (URN)
Merknad

QC 20220530

Tilgjengelig fra: 2022-05-10 Laget: 2022-05-10 Sist oppdatert: 2022-06-25bibliografisk kontrollert

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