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Bark Biorefinery: Isolation, Characterization and Application
KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), Centra, Wallenberg Wood Science Center. KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), Fiber- och polymerteknologi, Träkemi och massateknologi.
2023 (engelsk)Licentiatavhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
Abstract [en]

To fulfill the United Nations’ 17 sustainable development goals, there is a need to transition from a petroleum-based society toward a more sustainable one which requires new solutions and the production of materials, chemicals, and energy from renewable resources. Using side-stream products from industries to produce value-added products will be economically beneficial. Furthermore, finding more environmentally friendly process routes will aid industries in achieving their goal of reducing carbon dioxide emissions and contributing to a more sustainable society.

Tree bark is the outer protective layer of a tree and today, mills and factories incinerate the bark to produce energy. Norway spruce (Picea abies) bark consistsof cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, and extractives. Applying the biorefinery concept makes it possible to extract and isolate these compounds in the bark and utilize them to produce high-value materials and chemicals.

This thesis applies the biorefinery concept to isolate cellulose and lignin from spruce bark by using mild extraction processes and more eco-friendly chemicals.

Cellulose is the most abundant compound in spruce bark and has great potential to be used in various applications. The isolation of cellulose fibers from bark was in the present work carried out by first removing the extractives and non-cellulosic polysaccharides via sequential extractions using acetone and subcritical water. Nanocellulose was isolated from the bark cellulose and used to produce Pickering emulsions successfully. This proves that using side-stream products such as bark is feasible to produce high-value products like emulsions.

Lignin is the second most abundant compound in the spruce bark. Following the acetone and subcritical water extractions, a mild cyclic organosolv extraction sequence was applied to be able to recover spruce bark lignin. The lignin extracted was comparable to lignin extracted from wood. Stilbene glucosides incorporated in the bark lignin provide the lignin with additional beneficial properties, i.e., antimicrobial and antioxidative. This elevates the value of the lignin further and makes it suitable for a variety of different applications.

Abstract [sv]

För att kunna uppnå Förenta Nationernas 17 globala hållbarhetsmål behöverdet ske en förändring från ett oljebaserat samhälle till ett mer hållbart samhälle. Detta innebär att det finns ett behov för nya hållbara lösningar och material, kemikalier och energi som produceras med förnybara råvaror. Att utnyttja sidoströmmar från industrier för att producera högvärdiga produkter kommer vara ekonomiskt fördelaktigt. Dessutom, att finna mer miljövänliga processer kommer att bidra till att hjälpa industrier att uppnå deras mål med att minska koldioxidutsläppen och bidra till ett mer hållbart samhälle.

Trädbark är det yttersta skyddande lagret på ett träd och idag förbränner bruk och fabriker den för att skapa energi. Granbarken består av cellulosa, lignin, hemicellulosa, och extraktivämnen. Att använda bioraffinaderikonceptet gör det möjligt att extrahera och isolera komponenterna i barken och vidare producera högvärdiga material och kemikalier.

Denna avhandling applicerar bioraffinaderikonceptet för att isolera cellulosa och lignin från den inre granbarken genom att använda milda extraktionsprocesser och mer miljövänliga kemikalier.

Cellulosa är den vanligaste förekommande komponenten i bark och har stor potential att användas för olika tillämpningar. Isoleringen av cellulosafibrer från bark genomfördes i detta arbete först genom att avlägsna extraktivämnen och icke-cellulosahaltiga polysackarider via sekventiella extraktioner med aceton och subkritiskt vatten. Nanocellulosa isolerades från barkcellulosan och användes för att producera Pickering emulsioner med framgång. Detta visar att det är möjligt att utnyttja en produkt såsom bark från en sidoström till att skapa högvärdiga produkter som emulsioner.

Lignin är den näst mest vanligt förekommande komponenten i bark. Efter extraktion med aceton och subkritiskt vatten genomgick barkfibrerna en sekventiell cyklisk organosolv-extraktion för att erhålla gransbarkslignin. Det extraherade ligninet var jämförbart med lignin som extraherats från ved. Stilbene glykosider som är inkorporerade i barkligninet ger ligninet ytterligare fördelaktiga egenskaper, exempelvis antimikrobiella och antioxidativa. Detta förhöjer värdet ännu mer och gör den lämplig för flera olika tillämpningar.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. , s. xi, 58
Serie
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2023:44
Emneord [en]
Sustainability, bark, biorefinery, Norway spruce, nanocellulose, Pickering emulsion, organosolv, extraction, lignin
Emneord [sv]
Hållbarhet, bark, bioraffinaderi, gran, nanocellulosa, Pickering emulsioner, organosolv, extraktion, lignin
HSV kategori
Forskningsprogram
Fiber- och polymervetenskap
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-337232ISBN: 978-91-8040-704-5 (tryckt)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-337232DiVA, id: diva2:1801003
Presentation
2023-10-20, Treesearch conference room https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67797689211, Teknikringen 38, Stockholm, 13:00 (engelsk)
Opponent
Veileder
Forskningsfinansiär
Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
Merknad

QC 20230928

Tilgjengelig fra: 2023-09-28 Laget: 2023-09-28 Sist oppdatert: 2025-12-16bibliografisk kontrollert
Delarbeid
1. Emulsions of cellulose oxalate from Norway spruce (Picea abies) bark and dissolving pulp
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Emulsions of cellulose oxalate from Norway spruce (Picea abies) bark and dissolving pulp
2023 (engelsk)Inngår i: Holzforschung, ISSN 0018-3830, E-ISSN 1437-434X, Vol. 77, nr 7, s. 554-565Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

Tree bark is normally a side-stream product but by an integrated bark biorefinery approach, valuable compounds may be recovered and used to replace fossil-based products. Norway spruce bark was extracted to obtain cellulose, which was chemically treated to produce cellulose oxalate (COX) which was homogenized to yield nanocellulose. The nanocellulose was used to produce Pickering emulsions with almond oil and hexadecane as organic phases. COX from dissolving pulp was used to study the effect of various raw materials on the emulsifying properties. The COX samples of bark and dissolving pulp contained a significant amount of hemicelluloses, which affected the viscosity results. The emulsion properties were affected by the organic phases and the aspect ratio. Emulsions using hexadecane were more stable than the emulsions using almond oil. Since the aspect ratio of bark was lower than that of the dissolving pulp, the emulsifying properties of the COX dissolving pulp was better. It has been shown that nanocellulose from cellulose oxalate of both spruce bark and dissolving pulp is a promising substitute for petroleum-based emulsifiers and surfactants. By utilizing bark, value-added products can be produced which may be economically beneficial for various industries in the future and their aim for climate-neutral products.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2023
Emneord
biorefinery, nanocellulose, Norway spruce bark, Pickering emulsion
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-337224 (URN)10.1515/hf-2022-0191 (DOI)000999094000001 ()2-s2.0-85160846840 (Scopus ID)
Merknad

QC 20231002

Tilgjengelig fra: 2023-09-28 Laget: 2023-09-28 Sist oppdatert: 2023-10-02bibliografisk kontrollert
2. Fundamental Insights on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Organosolv Lignin from Norway Spruce Bark.
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Fundamental Insights on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Organosolv Lignin from Norway Spruce Bark.
Vise andre…
2022 (engelsk)Inngår i: Biomacromolecules, ISSN 1525-7797, E-ISSN 1526-4602, Vol. 23, nr 8, s. 3349-3358Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

The interest in the bark and the attempt to add value to its utilization have increased over the last decade. By applying an integrated bark biorefinery approach, it is possible to investigate the recovery of compounds that can be used to develop green and sustainable alternatives to fossil-based materials. In this work, the focus is on extracting Norway spruce (Picea abies) bark lignin via organosolv extraction. Following the removal of the extractives and the subcritical water extraction to remove the polysaccharides, a novel cyclic organosolv extraction procedure was applied, which enabled the recovery of lignin with high quality and preserved structure. Main indicators for low degradation and preservation of the lignin structure were a high β-O-4' content and low amounts of condensed structures. Furthermore, high purity and low polydispersity of the lignin were observed. Thus, the obtained lignin exhibits high potential for use in the direct development of polymer precursors and other bio-based materials. During the extraction sequence, around 70% of the bark was extracted. Besides the lignin, the extractives as well as pectic polysaccharides and hemicelluloses were recovered with only minor degradation, which could potentially be used for the production of biofuel or other high-value products such as emulsifiers or adhesives.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
American Chemical Society (ACS), 2022
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-316320 (URN)10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00457 (DOI)000828106500001 ()35815507 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85135600359 (Scopus ID)
Merknad

QC 20220812

Tilgjengelig fra: 2022-08-12 Laget: 2022-08-12 Sist oppdatert: 2023-09-28bibliografisk kontrollert

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