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Interplay-robust optimization for treating irregularly breathing lung patients with pencil beam scanning
KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Matematik (Inst.), Numerisk analys, optimeringslära och systemteori.ORCID-id: 0000-0003-2365-3867
KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Matematik (Inst.), Numerisk analys, optimeringslära och systemteori.ORCID-id: 0000-0002-6252-7815
RaySearch Laboratories AB, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID-id: 0009-0007-9829-7381
Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland.ORCID-id: 0000-0003-1608-4467
2025 (engelsk)Inngår i: Medical Physics, ISSN 0094-2405, E-ISSN 2473-4209, Vol. 52, nr 6, s. 3570-3582Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND: The steep dose gradients obtained with pencil beam scanning allow for precise targeting of the tumor but come at the cost of high sensitivity to uncertainties. Robust optimization is commonly applied to mitigate uncertainties in density and patient setup, while its application to motion management, called 4D-robust optimization (4DRO), is typically accompanied by other techniques, including gating, breath-hold, and re-scanning. In particular, current commercial implementations of 4DRO do not model the interplay effect between the delivery time structure and the patient's motion.

PURPOSE: Interplay-robust optimization (IPRO) has previously been proposed to explicitly model the interplay-affected dose during treatment planning. It has been demonstrated that IPRO can mitigate the interplay effect given the uncertainty in the patient's breathing frequency. In this study, we investigate and evaluate IPRO in the context where the motion uncertainty is extended to also include variations in breathing amplitude.

METHODS: The compared optimization methods are applied and evaluated on a set of lung patients. We model the patients' motion using synthetic 4D computed tomography (s4DCT), each created by deforming a reference CT based on a motion pattern obtained with 4D magnetic resonance imaging. Each (s4DCT) contains multiple breathing cycles, partitioned into two sets for scenario generation: one for optimization and one for evaluation. Distinct patient motion scenarios are then created by randomly concatenating breathing cycles varying in period and amplitude. In addition, a method considering a single breathing cycle for generating optimization scenarios (IPRO-1C) is developed to investigate to which extent robustness can be achieved with limited information. Both IPRO and IPRO-1C were investigated with 9, 25, and 49 scenarios.

RESULTS: For all patient cases, IPRO and IPRO-1C increased the target coverage in terms of the near-worst-case (5th percentile) CTV D98, compared to 4DRO. After normalization of plan doses to equal target coverage, IPRO with 49 scenarios resulted in the greatest decreases in OAR dose, with near-worst-case (95th percentile) improvements averaging 4.2 %. IPRO-1C with 9 scenarios, with comparable computational demands as 4DRO, decreased OAR dose by 1.7 %.

CONCLUSIONS: The use of IPRO could lead to more efficient mitigation of the interplay effect, even when based on the information from a single breathing cycle. This can potentially decrease the need for real-time motion management techniques that prolong treatment times and decrease patient comfort.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Wiley , 2025. Vol. 52, nr 6, s. 3570-3582
Emneord [en]
interplay‐driven optimization, motion mitigation, robustness
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362864DOI: 10.1002/mp.17821ISI: 001464478500001PubMedID: 40219546Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105002391073OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-362864DiVA, id: diva2:1955030
Merknad

QC 20251204

Tilgjengelig fra: 2025-04-28 Laget: 2025-04-28 Sist oppdatert: 2025-12-04bibliografisk kontrollert
Inngår i avhandling
1. Mitigating uncertainties in adaptive radiation therapy by robust optimization
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Mitigating uncertainties in adaptive radiation therapy by robust optimization
2025 (engelsk)Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
Abstract [en]

The fractionated delivery of radiation therapy leads to discrepancies between the planning image and the patient geometry throughout the treatment course. Adaptive radiation therapy (ART) addresses this issue by modifying the plan based on additional image information acquired closer to the time of delivery. However, technologies used in ART introduce new uncertainties in the treatment modeling. This thesis deals with the mitigation of uncertainties that are introduced in the context of ART workflows.

The first two appended papers address mitigating uncertainty related to localizing the tumor and the relevant organs-at-risk (OARs). In Paper A, we consider phantom cases with isotropic, microscopic tumor infiltration around a visible tumor. We compare minimization of the expected value of the objective function to the conventional minimization of an objective function applied to a margin designed to contain the tumor with sufficient probability. The results show that the approach can improve the sparing of a nearby OAR, at the expense of increasing the total dose. In Paper B, we compare multiple formulations of the objective function under contour uncertainty, given a non-isotropic uncertainty model represented by a set of contour scenarios. At comparable tumor dose, margins derived from the scenarios outperform methods from clinical practice in terms of sparing OARs and limiting the total dose. In comparison, considering the scenarios explicitly, including minimizing the expected value of the objective function over the scenarios, spares the OARs further at the expense of total dose.

The three subsequent papers address motion-related uncertainty, which is particularly relevant in particle treatments. In Paper C, we investigate a robust optimization method that explicitly considers the radiation delivery’s time structure. It is applied to lung cancer cases with synthesized, irregular breathing motion, and the results indicate that it outperforms the conventional method that does not consider the time structure. In Paper D, we simulate the use of a real-time adaptive framework that re-optimizes the plan during delivery, based on the observed and anticipated patient motion. It is shown to have substantial dosimetric benefits, even under simplifying approximations that would facilitate an actual real-time implementation. In PaperE, we estimate the error associated with performing dose calculations that consider motion when the temporal resolution of the time-varying patient image is low. We apply a method to synthesize intermediate images and propose a temporal resolution required to mitigate the error. Finally, in Paper F, we address some of the computational issues introduced by the robust optimization methods from the other papers. We propose methods that reduce the number of scenarios considered during robust optimization to reduce the associated computation times.

Abstract [sv]

Vid fraktionerad strålbehandling administreras strålningen i mindre doser över flera behandlingstillfällen. Detta medför avvikelser mellan patientens faktiska anatomiska tillstånd vid varje enskild fraktion och den bild som använts för dosplanering. Adaptivstrålbehandling (ART) adresserar denna utmaning genom modifiering av behandlingsplanen utifrån ytterligare bildinformation som erhålls närmre inpå leverans av en enskild fraktion. Teknologier som används i ART introducerar dock nya osäkerheter i behandlingsmodelleringen. Denna avhandling undersöker hantering av de osäkerheter som uppstår i samband med arbetsflöden för ART.

Avhandlingens första två bifogade artiklar behandlar metoder som hanterar osäkerhet i lokaliseringen av tumören och berörda riskorgan. I Artikel A använder vi oss av fantomfallmed isotrop, mikroskopisk tumörinfiltration runt en synlig tumör. Vi jämförminimering av målfunktionens väntevärde med konventionell minimering av en målfunktiontillämpad på en marginal som är utformad för att innefatta tumören med högsannolikhet. Resultaten visar att metoden kan förbättra skyddet av ett närliggande riskorgan, på bekostnad av en ökad totaldos. I Artikel B jämför vi flera formuleringar av målfunktionen vid kontureringsosäkerhet, givet en icke-isotrop osäkerhetsmodellrepresenterad av en uppsättning konturscenarier. Vid jämförbar tumördos överträffar scenariobaserade marginaler metoder från klinisk praxis när det gäller att skonariskorgan och att begränsa totaldosen. Vidare visar sig metoder som explicit beaktarscenarierna var för sig, inklusive minimering av målfunktionens väntevärde övermängden scenarier, kunna skona riskorgan ytterligare på bekostnad av högre totaldos.

Därefter följer tre artiklar som behandlar rörelserelaterad osäkerhet, vilket är särskilt relevant vid partikelstrålning. I Artikel C undersöker vi en optimeringsmetod som uttryckligen tar hänsyn till tidsstrukturen i leveransen av strålning. Metoden tillämpas på lungcancerfall med syntetiserad, oregelbunden andningsrörelse, och resultaten indikeraratt den överträffar en konventionell metod som inte tar hänsyn till tidsstrukturen. I Artikel D simulerar vi användningen av en realtidsadaptiv metod som optimerar behandlingsplanen under leveransen baserat på observerad och förväntad patientrörelse. Metoden visar betydande dosimetriska fördelar, även under förenklande antaganden som skulle underlätta en faktisk realtidsimplementering. I Artikel E uppskattar vi feletvid dosberäkningar som beaktar rörelse, när tidsupplösningen i den tidsberoende patientbilden är låg. Vi tillämpar en metod för att syntetisera mellanliggande bilder och föreslår en tillräcklig tidsupplösning för att minska felet. Slutligen behandlar vi i Artikel F vissa beräkningsmässiga utmaningar som introducerasav optimeringsmetoderna i övriga artiklar. Vi föreslår metoder som minskar antalet scenarier som beaktas vid robust optimering, för att också minska mängden beräkningar.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. s. 190
Serie
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:14
HSV kategori
Forskningsprogram
Tillämpad matematik och beräkningsmatematik, Optimeringslära och systemteori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362868 (URN)978-91-8106-235-9 (ISBN)
Disputas
2025-05-28, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 6, Stockholm, 10:00 (engelsk)
Opponent
Veileder
Merknad

QC 2025-04-28

Tilgjengelig fra: 2025-04-28 Laget: 2025-04-28 Sist oppdatert: 2025-04-29bibliografisk kontrollert

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