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A Chosen-Ciphertext Side-Channel Attack on Protected ML-KEM Using Pairwise Bit-Flipping
KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), Elektronik och inbyggda system.ORCID-id: 0000-0001-6281-4091
KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), Elektronik och inbyggda system.ORCID-id: 0000-0003-2021-2994
KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), Elektronik och inbyggda system.ORCID-id: 0000-0001-7382-9408
2026 (engelsk)Inngår i: Proceedings - 2026 IEEE European Test Symposium, ETS 2026, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2026Konferansepaper, Publicerat paper (Fagfellevurdert)
Abstract [en]

Post-quantum cryptography addresses the threat posed by large-scale quantum computers to current public-key cryptosystems. After an eight-year evaluation process, NIST has standardized ML-KEM, a quantum-resistant scheme for publickey encryption and key encapsulation, whose global deployment is anticipated by 2035. Beyond algorithmic security, the resistance of physical implementations of ML-KEM to sidechannel attacks is important for a secure transition. This paper evaluates the resistance of a software implementation of MLKEM protected against side-channel analysis using masking and shuffling. Despite these countermeasures, we can recover the secret key using only one third of the traces compared to the state-of-the-art attack. Our main contribution is a novel chosenciphertext construction method that 1) circumvents the shuffling countermeasure, and 2) overcomes the inter-device variation problem. This method is applicable not only to ML-KEM, but also to other lattice-based PKE or KEM algorithms. We provide an in-depth analysis of the attack methodology, validate the attack on an ARM Cortex-M4 platform recommended by NIST for benchmarking, and suggest potential countermeasures for hardening ML-KEM implementations against side-channel attacks.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2026.
Emneord [en]
Bit-Flipping, CRYSTALS-Kyber, Chosen-Ciphertext Construction, ML-KEM, Masking, Shuffling, Side-Channel Attack
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Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-386489DOI: 10.1109/ETS69887.2026.11591846Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105045280122OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-386489DiVA, id: diva2:2089963
Konferanse
31st IEEE European Test Symposium, ETS 2026, Chania, Greece, May 25-29 2026
Merknad

Part of ISBN 979-8-3195-1763-0

QC 20260805

Tilgjengelig fra: 2026-08-05 Laget: 2026-08-05 Sist oppdatert: 2026-08-05bibliografisk kontrollert

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Wang, RuizeBacklund, LinusDubrova, Elena

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