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On the Mechanics of Sintering of Hardmetal Powders
KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Teknisk mekanik, Material- och strukturmekanik.ORCID-id: 0000-0001-7644-7077
2025 (Engelska)Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
Abstract [en]

Powder metallurgy is used in the manufacturing of cutting tool inserts to achieve the desired material properties. Tungsten carbide, WC, mixed with a metallic binder, such as Cobalt, Co, is a common cemented carbide used for cutting tool inserts. In large scale production, the powder is pressed and sintered. During the manufacturing process, the volume of the cutting tool significantly decreases. During the sintering process, very little can be done to change the final shape, and the shrinkage during sintering must be accounted for during pressing. This thesis will investigate the mechanical modeling of shrinkage that occurs in the sintering process.

The constitutive model at issue can capture the isothermal stage in the sintering process and can be adjusted to a specific powder. To increase its usability, a sensitivity analysis was performed in Paper A to determine if all parameters must be determined when using a new powder mixture. It was found that some of the parameters were more sensitive than others when optimizing parameters using experimental results. The less sensitive parameters could be constant, reducing the number of necessary experiments to determine all adjustable parameters. 

The different stages of sintering were also investigated in Paper A, where the model had difficulty describing the shrinkage both in the initial stage and in the liquid phase, where the Cobalt starts to melt. The latter was expected, since the constitutive model was explicitly developed for the solid stage of sintering.

To evaluate the model, all the experiments were performed on a specific WC-Co powder blend. For adherence to match the industrial process for cutting tools made from this powder, the debinding phase was included early in the sintering cycle. This was not done in the previous development of the sintering model. The influence of the debinding process was experimentally investigated in Paper B, where it was shown that the shrinkage, as well as the final microstructure, is influenced by the exclusion of the debinding stage. 

In Paper C, multiple dilatometer and sintering furnace experiments were performed to further develop the model. Complements to the initial stage and liquid phase were introduced, and the effect of changing the initial density, post-compaction, was investigated. Different sintering cycles were used to ensure the robustness of the constitutive parameters of the model. The deviatoric influence was tuned with bending experiments. 

To verify the model, Paper D compares simulations to experiments. This was done using two different press dies, where the same amount of powder was pressed to different heights. The powder blanks were sintered to different maximum temperatures and measured. The compaction and sintering process was simulated and compared to the experimental values, showing that the sintering model captured the process well. A sintering furnace was used, where one of the sintering cycles was representative of the industrial production of cutting tools.  

Abstract [sv]

Pulvermetallurgi används vid tillverkning av vändskär för att uppnå de önskade materialegenskaperna. Volframkarbid, WC, blandat med ett metalliskt bindemedel, som exempelvis Kobolt, Co, är en vanlig hårdmetall att tillverka skär av. Vid storskalig produktion är pressning och sintring vanliga, och vid dessa tillverkningsprocesser sker en signifikant volymminskning. Under sintringssteget är möjligheten att påverka den slutgiltiga formen begränsad varför man redan vid pressning behöver ta hänsyn till den krympning som kommer att ske under sintringen. I denna avhandling kommer modellering av krympning under sintring att undersökas.

Den utvalda konstitutiva modellen kan fånga isotermiska delar av sintringsprocessen och har parametrar som går att anpassa för specifika pulversammansättningar. För att förenkla användningen av modellen utfördes en känslighetsanalys i Artikel A. Denna visade att när anpassningsbara parametrar ska justeras till en ny pulversammansättning kan vissa av de mindre känsliga hållas konstanta för att förenkla optimering.

Sintringens olika stadier undersöktes också i Artikel A. Modellen hade svårigheter att fånga krympningen både under den initiala fasen av sintring, samt i smältfassintringen. Det sistnämnda var förväntat, eftersom den konstitutiva modellen från början var specifikt utvecklad för fastfassintring.

För att begränsa osäkerheter vid modellutvärderingen utfördes alla experiment för en specifik sammansättning av WC-Co pulver. För att bättre representera det industriella förloppet vid skärtillverkning med detta pulver inkluderades även avdrivning (då pressmedlet avdunstar) i experimentet. Detta var inte inkluderat i den ursprungliga konstitutiva modellen, och effekten av avdrivningssteget i sintringsprocessen undersöktes experimentellt i Artikel B. Här visades att både krympningen och den slutgiltiga mikrostrukturen påverkas av att inte inkludera avdrivningen i sintringscykeln.

I Artikel C utfördes ytterligare experiment, både med dilatometer och i sintringsugn, för att vidareutveckla modellen. Kompletteringar gjordes både för att ta hänsyn till avdrivning i sintringens initiala fas, samt i smältfasen. Vidare undersöktes effekten av att förändra pulvrets initiala densitet, efter pressning. För att öka modellens robusthet användes olika sintringscykler vid framtagandet av modellens konstitutiva parametrar. Inflytandet av deviatorisk spänning justerades med hjälp av böjexperiment.

För verifiering av modellen jämfördes i Artikel D simuleringar med experiment för olika geometrier. Detta gjordes med två olika pressformar, som pressade samma mängd pulver, men till olika höjder. Dessa sintrades till olika temperaturer och mättes därefter. Kompakterings- och sintringsprocessen simulerades och jämfördes med experimentens resultat, med mycket god överensstämmelse. En sintringsugn användes, där en av sintringscyklerna efterliknande vad som används vid industriell sintring. 

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025.
Serie
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:61
Nyckelord [en]
Cemented carbide, Constitutive modelling, Sintering, Powder metallurgy
Nyckelord [sv]
Hårdmetall, Konstitutiv modellering, Sintring, Pulvermetallurgi
Nationell ämneskategori
Teknisk mekanik Metallurgi och metalliska material
Forskningsämne
Hållfasthetslära
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-373254ISBN: 978-91-8106-452-0 (tryckt)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-373254DiVA, id: diva2:2016295
Disputation
2025-12-18, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/64470725679, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 09:00 (Engelska)
Opponent
Handledare
Anmärkning

QC251125

Tillgänglig från: 2025-11-25 Skapad: 2025-11-25 Senast uppdaterad: 2025-12-09Bibliografiskt granskad
Delarbeten
1. Parametric dependency of a constitutive model describing solid state sintering of cemented carbides
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Parametric dependency of a constitutive model describing solid state sintering of cemented carbides
2022 (Engelska)Ingår i: Powder Technology, ISSN 0032-5910, E-ISSN 1873-328X, Vol. 403, s. 117407-, artikel-id 117407Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

This study focuses on an inverse modelling approach, using FEM to simulate the sintering of WC-Co powder using a continuum model. From a previously developed constitutive model of cemented carbide, the dependency of the material parameters is investigated in a sensitivity study. A value of sensitivity is assigned to all the material parameters and calculated at different steps in the sintering process, which represent its importance for capturing the shrinkage during sintering. The approach is that only the more sensitive parameters should be fitted when changing experimental setup or material composition, leaving the less important parameters constant, resulting in fewer tests and iterations. This approach is tested in an optimization of WC-Co powder sintering cycle, where the shrinkage curve is experimentally determined. It is concluded that some of the material parameters play a minor role in the modelling and could be set as constants in an optimization. The constitutive material model alone is unable to capture all features that appeared in the shrinkage curve during the experiment. Improvements of the model are discussed. An additional investigation, performed without heating rate dependency, shows that the remaining material parameters could compensate for the omitted heating rate for a known sintering cycle without losing accuracy.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Elsevier BV, 2022
Nyckelord
Cemented carbide, Constitutive modelling, Sintering, Sensitivity, Optimization, FEM
Nationell ämneskategori
Metallurgi och metalliska material
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-313334 (URN)10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117407 (DOI)000798242100003 ()2-s2.0-85129263449 (Scopus ID)
Anmärkning

QC 20220602

Tillgänglig från: 2022-06-02 Skapad: 2022-06-02 Senast uppdaterad: 2025-11-25Bibliografiskt granskad
2. An Experimental Investigation of the Solid State Sintering of Cemented Carbides Aiming for Mechanical Constitutive Modelling
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>An Experimental Investigation of the Solid State Sintering of Cemented Carbides Aiming for Mechanical Constitutive Modelling
2023 (Engelska)Ingår i: Crystals, ISSN 2073-4352, Vol. 13, nr 6, artikel-id 978Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

The densification of cemented carbides during sintering was studied using an existing constitutive model based on powder particle size and material composition. In the present analysis, we study how well the constitutive model can capture the experimental results of a dilatometer test. Three experiments were performed, where the only difference was the transition between the debinding and sintering process. From magnetic measurements, it is concluded that the carbon level in the specimen is affected by changes to the experimental setup. It is shown, using parameter adjustments, that the constitutive model is more suited for a certain experimental setup and carbon level, which is a limitation of the model. In order to capture the mechanical behaviour under different experimental conditions, further constitutive modelling relevant to the carbon level is recommended.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
MDPI, 2023
Nyckelord
cemented carbide, solid-state sintering, dilatometer experiment, constitutive modelling, carbon influence
Nationell ämneskategori
Metallurgi och metalliska material
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-331696 (URN)10.3390/cryst13060978 (DOI)001014148800001 ()2-s2.0-85163848865 (Scopus ID)
Anmärkning

QC 20230714

Tillgänglig från: 2023-07-14 Skapad: 2023-07-14 Senast uppdaterad: 2025-11-25Bibliografiskt granskad
3. Modeling of the mechanical behavior during sintering of cemented carbides
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Modeling of the mechanical behavior during sintering of cemented carbides
2025 (Engelska)Ingår i: International journal of refractory metals & hard materials, ISSN 0263-4368, Vol. 133, artikel-id 107356Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

Using dilatometer experiments, numerical data can be collected during the sintering process and used to develop a constitutive model for shape changes during sintering. The dilatometer chamber is closed and small compared to a normal industry oven used for sintering. Depending on the final application of the sintered product, different temperatures and heat cycles may be used during the process. It is therefore important for a constitutive model to be robust, giving valid results even when changes are made to the sintering procedure. This is done by optimizing the constitutive parameters with respect to different sintering cycles. Variations of initial density after compaction has also been considered in the constitutive model. The deviatoric part of the model is investigated for experimental results in nonhomogeneous sintered specimens to complete the constitutive model. The model presented is for the full sintering process and relevant physical aspects have been accounted for.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Elsevier BV, 2025
Nyckelord
Cemented carbide, Sintering, Dilatometer experiment, Constitutive modeling, FEM simulation
Nationell ämneskategori
Metallurgi och metalliska material
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-373080 (URN)10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107356 (DOI)001545095500001 ()2-s2.0-105012262387 (Scopus ID)
Anmärkning

QC 20251120

Tillgänglig från: 2025-11-20 Skapad: 2025-11-20 Senast uppdaterad: 2025-11-25Bibliografiskt granskad
4. An experimental and numerical investigation of a material model for predicting densification of hardmetal powders
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>An experimental and numerical investigation of a material model for predicting densification of hardmetal powders
(Engelska)Manuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
Abstract [en]

In the development process of new cutting tools, accurate simulations reduce both time to market and resources. In this paper, previously developed constitutive models of compaction and sintering are used to simulate the manufacturing process. Multiple variations of compaction heights and maximum temperatures in the sintering cycle are used, and simulated results are compared to actual experiments. The results confirm that good prediction of the spatial distribution of relative density is possible even for complicated geometries. The simulations can also be used to predict changes in the press heights' effect on the final product.

Nationell ämneskategori
Solid- och strukturmekanik Metallurgi och metalliska material
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-373253 (URN)
Anmärkning

QC 20251125

Tillgänglig från: 2025-11-25 Skapad: 2025-11-25 Senast uppdaterad: 2025-12-01Bibliografiskt granskad

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