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Structuring of Functional Spider Silk Wires, Coatings, and Sheets by Self-Assembly on Superhydrophobic Pillar Surfaces
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Micro and Nanosystems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8925-2815
KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), Protein Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4483-7801
KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), Protein Technology.
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Micro and Nanosystems.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8248-6670
2018 (English)In: Advanced Materials, ISSN 0935-9648, E-ISSN 1521-4095, Vol. 30, no 3, article id 1704325Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Spider silk has recently become a material of high interest for a large number of biomedical applications. Previous work on structuring of silk has resulted in particles (0D), fibers (1D), films (2D), and foams, gels, capsules, or microspheres (3D). However, the manufacturing process of these structures is complex and involves posttreatment of chemicals unsuitable for biological applications. In this work, the self-assembly of recombinant spider silk on micropatterned superhydrophobic surfaces is studied. For the first time, structuring of recombinant spider silk is achieved using superhydrophobic surfaces under conditions that retain the bioactivity of the functionalized silk. By tuning the superhydrophobic surface geometry and the silk solution handling parameters, this approach allows controlled generation of silk coatings, nanowires, and sheets. The underlying mechanisms and governing parameters are discussed. It is believed that the results of this work pave the way for fabrication of silk formations for applications including vehicles for drug delivery, optical sensing, antimicrobial coatings, and cell culture scaffolds.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2018. Vol. 30, no 3, article id 1704325
Keywords [en]
spider silk, superhydrophobic, nanowires, coating, self-assembly, patterning
National Category
Nano Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-219393DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704325ISI: 000429097600018PubMedID: 29205540Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85037617442OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-219393DiVA, id: diva2:1162681
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 621-2014-6200
Note

QC 20171212

Available from: 2017-12-05 Created: 2017-12-05 Last updated: 2024-03-15Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Spider Silk Nanostructuring and its Applications for Tissue Engineering
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Spider Silk Nanostructuring and its Applications for Tissue Engineering
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis introduces new ways to produce micro-and nanostructures of recombinant spider silk and explores ways to characterize their topography, mechanical properties, cell compatibility, and permeability. The suitability of the formed structures for applications within tissue engineering, primarily in vitro tissue modeling, is also investigated.

One big challenge in drug development is that many drug candidates fail to pass in vivo studies in humans. This is largely because the currently used animal models fail to emulate the full human condition. Therefore, researchers aim to develop in vitro models of various tissues using human cells. These new systems will allow studies of biological responses and mechanisms related to human health and disease. To accurately represent what happens in the body, the materials used for cell culture should as closely as possible mimic their in vivo counterparts. Many of the materials used today are made out of plastic and lack physiologically relevant properties, and do not replicate the micro-and nano dimensions present in the native cell environment.

Spider silk has been suggested as a suitable replacement material for cell culture. The usage of spider silk for medical purposes is not new; it was used already in ancient Greece and Rome to staunch wounds. However, the spider's limited production has haltered the applicability. Lately, new doors have opened up through recombinant production of the base constituent of silk: the spider silk protein (spidroin). Recombinant spidroin production is not only scalable but also allows for facile integration of additional biofunctionality. With this building material at hand, it is possible to produce other formats than spider silk fibers, i.e., coatings, films, membranes, hydrogels, porous scaffolds, and microparticles. 

With the work presented in this thesis, the list is extended through the introduction of new methods to produce nanomembranes and uniformly shaped micro-and nanostructures by manipulating the liquid:air interface. Micropatterned mm-sized films, microfilms, nanochains, and nanowires were produced by manipulating a droplet of soluble spidroin solution on a superhydrophobic surface. Alterations in the concentration of spidroins, the motion of the droplet, and the dimensions of the pillars allow for precise control of the silk formation. The formed silk structures retained their shape upon release from the surface, and the culture of mammalian cells showed good compatibility with the silk structures. Nanofibrillar spider silk membranes mimicking the dimensions of basal membranes  (280 nm thick) were formed by letting spidroins self-assemble at the liquid:air interface of a standing solution. The assembly time, initial spidroin concentration, and beaker size are directly related to the membrane's thickness and size. The thereby obtained membranes were stable, had an internal nanofibrillar structure, could stretch over 200%, and were permeable to human plasma proteins. An in vitro blood vessel model was established by growing human endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells on opposing sides of the membrane, showing the potential of using the membranes for further in vitro modeling

Abstract [sv]

Den här avhandling introducerar nya sätt att producera mikro- och nanostrukturer av rekombinant spindelsilke och utforskar sätt att karakterisera deras topografi, mekaniska egenskaper, cellkompatibilitet och permeabilitet. Lämpligheten hos de formade strukturerna för applikationer inom vävnadsteknik, främst för in vitro vävnadsmodellering, undersöks också.

En stor utmaning i läkemedelsutveckling är att många kandidater inte uppvisar önskad effekt i in vivo studier i människor. Detta beror till stor del på att de djurmodeller som används i den primära utvärderingen inte efterliknar den mänskliga kroppen tillräckligt bra.  På grund av detta har forskare börjat utveckla metoder för att använda mänskliga celler i in vitro modeller av olika vävnader. Dessa nya system öppnar upp för möjligheten att studera biologiska reaktioner och mekanismer relaterade till människors hälsa. För att korrekt kunna modellera vad som händer i kroppen bör materialen som används för cellodling så nära som möjligt efterlikna deras motsvarigheter in vivo. Många av de material som används idag är gjorda av plast, saknar fysiologiskt relevanta egenskaper och replikerar inte de mikro- och nanodimensioner som finns i cellmiljön i kroppen.

Spindelsilke har föreslagits som ett lämpligt material för cellodling. Användningen av spindelsilke för medicinska ändamål är inte ny, utan det användes redan i det antika Grekland och Rom för att stoppa blödningar. Användbarheten begränsas dock av att spindlar enbart producerar en liten mängd silke. På senare tid har nya dörrar öppnats genom rekombinant produktion av baskomponenten i silket: spindelsilksproteiner (spidroiner). Rekombinant produktion as spidroiner är inte bara skalbar utan möjliggör också enkel integration av biofunktionalitet. Med byggmaterialet till hands är det även möjligt att producera fler format än enbart spindelsilkesfibrer, dvs. beläggningar, filmer, membran, hydrogeler, porösa strukturer och mikropartiklar.

Arbetet som presenteras i den här avhandlingen fyller på listan genom att introducera nya metoder för att producera nanomembran och enhetligt formade mikro- och nanostrukturer genom att manipulera vätske:luftgränssnittet. Mikromönstrade mm-filmer, mikrofilmer, nanokedjor och nanotrådar producerades genom att manipulera en droppe spidroinlösning på en superhydrofob yta. Förändringar i spidroinernas koncentrationen, droppens rörelse och dimensionerna på pelarna möjliggör exakt kontroll av silkeformationen. De formade silkestrukturerna behöll sin form efter frisättning från ytan, och odlingen av mänskliga celler visade god kompatibilitet med silkesstrukturerna. 280 nm tjocka nanofibrillära spindelsilkesmembran, som imiterar dimensionerna hos basala membran, bildades genom att låta spidroiner självinteragera vid vätske:luftgränssnittet i en stillastående lösning. Tid, initial spidroinkoncentration och bägardimensioner är direkt relaterade till membranets tjocklek och storlek. Nanomembranen formade via denna metod var stabila, kunde sträcks över 200% och var permeabla för mänskliga plasmaproteiner. En in vitro-blodkärlsmodell upprättades genom att växa humana endotelceller och glatta muskelceller på motsatta sidor av membranet, vilket påvisar potentialen att använda membranen för vidare in vitro modellering.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2021
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2021:15
Keywords
recombinant spider silk, nanostructures, microstrucutres, nanowires, nanochains, nanodisks, nanomembranes, tissue engineering, in-vitro models, medical technology, health technology, nanomedicine, rekombinant spindelsilke, nanostrukturer, mikrostrukturer, nanotrådar, nanokedjor, nanodiskar, nanomembran, vävnadsteknik, in vitro-modeller, medicinsk teknik, hälsoteknik, nanomedicin
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-290887 (URN)978-91-7873-790-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-03-26, Q2, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20210309

Available from: 2021-03-09 Created: 2021-03-01 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved

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Gustafsson, LinneaJansson, RonnieHedhammar, Myvan der Wijngaart, Wouter

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