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Characterization of the KTH high-flux solar simulator combining three measurement methods
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1792-0551
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3789-8654
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4134-3520
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7193-5303
2017 (English)In: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 141, p. 2091-2099Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper presents the characterization of the first Fresnel lens-based High-Flux Solar Simulator (HFSS) showing the evaluation of the total thermal radiative power dependent on the aperture radius at the focal plane. This result can be directly applied to calculate the thermal power input into any solar receiver tested in the KTH HFSS. Three measurement setups were implemented and their results combined to assess and verify the characterization of the solar simulator: a thermopile sensor measuring radiative flux, a CMOS camera coupled with a Lambertian target to obtain flux maps, and a calorimeter to measure the total thermal power within an area of 300×300 mm. Finally, a Monte Carlo analysis was performed to calculate the total uncertainties associated to each setup and to combine them to obtain the simulator characterization. The final result shows a peak flux of 6.8 ± 0.35 MW/m2 with a thermal power of 14.7 ± 0.75 kW within an aperture of 180 mm in diameter at the focal plane, and a thermal-electrical conversion efficiency of 25.8 ± 0.3%. It was found very good repeatability and a stable energy output from the lamps during the experiments.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2017. Vol. 141, p. 2091-2099
Keywords [en]
Solar simulator, Characterization, Uncertainty analysis, Monte Carlo
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-219891DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.067ISI: 000423249200061Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85036450427OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-219891DiVA, id: diva2:1166529
Note

QC 20171215

Available from: 2017-12-15 Created: 2017-12-15 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Solar receiver development for gas-turbine based solar dish systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Solar receiver development for gas-turbine based solar dish systems
2018 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Small-scale concentrating solar power plants such as micro gas-turbine based solar dish systems have the potential to harness solar energy in an effective way and supply electricity to customers in remote areas. In such systems, the solar receiver transfers the power of concentrated solar radiation to the working fluid of the power conversion cycle. It is one of the key components as it needs to operate at high temperatures to ensure a high power cycle efficiency and under high flux densities to ensure a high receiver efficiency. In order to address these challenges and to ensure efficient and reliable operation innovative designs are needed.

This research work focuses on the complete development of a novel solar receiver applying a new systematic design and analysis methodology. Therefore, a comprehensive receiver design and experimental evaluation process were developed and implemented. The design process includes the identification of technical specifications and requirements, the development of receiver design tools of different investigation levels coupled with multi-objective optimization tools, the evaluation of scaling effects between tests in the KTH high-flux solar simulator and the full-scale solar dish system. As a result of the design process a representative final receiver was established with material temperatures and stresses below critical limits while respecting the design specification.

The experimental evaluation includes the enhancement of the KTH high-flux solar simulator to provide stable and reliable operating conditions, the precise characterization of the radiative boundary conditions, the design of a receiver test bed recreating the operating behavior of a gas-turbine, and the final receiver testing for multiple operating points. It was shown that the prototype reaches an efficiency of 69.3% for an air outlet temperature of 800°C and a mass flow of 29.5 g/s. For a larger mass flow of 38.4 g/s a receiver efficiency of 84.8% was achieved with an air outlet temperature of 749°C.

The measurement results obtained were then used for a multi-point validation of the receiver design tools, resulting in a high level of confidence in the accuracy of the tools. The validated models were then harnessed to calculate the performance of a full-scale solar receiver integrated into the OMSoP solar dish system. It was shown that a solar receiver can be designed, which delivers air at 800°C with a receiver efficiency of 82.2%.

Finally, the economic potential of micro gas-turbine based solar systems was investigated and it was shown that they are ideally suited for small-scale stand-alone and off-grid applications.

The results of the receiver development highlight the feasibility of using volumetric solar receivers to provide heat input to micro gas-turbine based solar dish systems and no major hurdles were found.

Abstract [sv]

Småskalig koncentrerad solkraft som mikrogasturbinbaserade solkraftverk med paraboliska solfångare visar potential att utnyttja solens energi på ett effektivt sätt och levererar el till kunder i avlägsna områden. I dessa solkraftverk är det solmottagaren som överför energin av koncentrerat solljus till kraftomvandlingssystemets arbetsmedium. Mottagaren är en av de viktigaste komponenterna eftersom den drivs vid höga temperaturer för att nå en hög systemverkningsgrad och är utsatt för höga ljusintensiteter för att nå en hög komponentverkningsgrad. För att hantera dessa utmaningar och garantera en effektiv och pålitlig drift behövs nya och innovativa lösningar.

Syftet med detta arbete är att utveckla en solmottagare genom att använda en systematisk design- och analysmetodik. Därför utvecklades en omfattande design- och analysprocess som inkluderar identifiering av tekniska specifikationer, utveckling av designverktyg för olika detaljnivåer i samband med optimeringsmetoder, utvärdering av skalningseffekter mellan laboratorietester och fullskaliga tester. Som resultatet av designprocessen konstruerades en solmottagare för den experimentella utvärderingen där alla materialtemperaturer och materialspänningar är inom tillåtna nivåer.

Den experimentella utvärderingen inkluderar förbättringarna av KTH:s solsimulator för att säkerställa stabil och pålitlig drift, karakterisering av instrålningen, utveckling av en solmottagartestbädd, och solmottagarexperiment för olika driftspunkter. Resultaten visar att solmottagaren uppnår en verkningsgrad på 69.3% för en luftutloppstemperatur på 800°C och ett massflöde på 29.5 g/s. Verkningsgraden ökar till 84.8% för ett massflöde på 40 g/s med en luftutloppstemperatur på 749°C.

De experimentella resultaten användes för att validera de utvecklade solmottagardesignverktygen genom en flerpunktsvalideringsprocess vilket resulterar i ett högt förtroende av designverktygens noggrannhet. De validerade designverktygen användes för att beräkna prestandan av en fullskalig solmottagare för integreringen i OMSoP solkraftverket. Resultaten visar att konceptet uppnår en luftutloppstemperatur på 800°C med en verkningsgrad på 82.5%.

Till sist undersöktes den ekonomiska potentialen av mikrogasturbinbaserade solkraftverk. De teknoekonomiska analyserna visar att kraftverken är ideal för småskaliga off-grid applikationer.

Resultaten av solmottagarutvecklingen framhäver möjligheten att använda volumetriska solmottagare för att leverera värme till mikrogasturbinbaserade solkraftverk med paraboliska solfångare och inga stora problem upptäcktes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2018. p. 131
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2018:4
Keywords
Concentrating solar power, volumetric solar receiver, development, experimental evaluation, validation, Koncentrerad solkraft, volumetrisk solmottagare, utveckling, experimentell utvärdering, validering
National Category
Energy Engineering
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-226343 (URN)978-91-7729-746-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2018-05-15, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20180418

Available from: 2018-04-18 Created: 2018-04-17 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
2. Solar cavity receiver design for a dish-Stirling system
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Solar cavity receiver design for a dish-Stirling system
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The growing concern for the climate change has led to an increasing research effort in renewable energy technologies in order to achieve a more sustainable electricity production. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) is identified as a promising technology to deal with part of the future electricity production. In CSP technologies, a solar receiver converts the concentrated sunlight into high temperature heat. The solar receiver is one of the most critical CSP components as it must provide high thermal power collection efficiencies while operating under very high temperatures and heat fluxes. Thereby, improving the solar receiver efficiency and endurance would benefit the technical and economic viability of CSP.

This PhD thesis aims at improving the efficiency and endurance of a typical solar cavity receiver for the dish-Stirling CSP technology. This research work includes new experimental and numerical analyses contributing to the state of the art of solar receiver design. The efficiency is improved through the analysis of the receiver cavity shape, geometry, operating conditions, and radiative properties, whereas the durability improvement is achieved through the study of advantageous receiver support structures using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Moreover, a solar laboratory was developed and characterized to conduct representative experiments of the cavity receiver. Multiple parametric experiments were conducted in order to perform a comprehensive validation of the simulations.

During the development of the solar laboratory, it was observed that the commonly utilized flux mapping system (CMOS camera-Lambertian target) should not be used for the characterization of Fresnel lens-based solar simulators. Due to this, the lab characterization was approached combining measurements from a thermopile sensor (radiometer) and a self-designed flat plate calorimeter. Furthermore, a detailed Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis allowed an accurate evaluation of the uncertainty propagation. All the experiments were designed and conducted to increase the accuracy of the final results.

Regarding the cavity receiver design for a dish-Stirling system, the aperture diameter is the most important parameter towards improving the cavity receiver efficiency. The reverse-conical cavity shape provided higher efficiencies (up to 2%) than the cylindrical shape. Additionally, a potential efficiency increase of 0.6% could be achieved by using a cavity material/coating with optimal radiative properties(high emissivity/absorptivity ratio). Finally, the studies suggested that convection has a negligible influence on determining the optimum aperture diameter, whereas the Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) has little influence. The simulations yielded a cavity receiver with a maximum total receiver efficiency of 91.5%.

Experimental measurements of the receiver displacements under thermal expansion allowed finding realistic mechanical boundary conditions of the receiver. Further structural simulations suggested that thermomechanical stresses can be reduced by setting the receiver supports to certain positions, which can be achieved with the application of external forces and torques. Moreover, the peak stresses can be moved to colder regions to improve the lifetime of the receiver. By shifting the support positions, the receiver simulations calculating creep lifetime under no relaxation showed a potential lifetime improvement of 57%.

Abstract [sv]

Den växande oron för den globala uppvärmningen har lett till en ökad forskningsinsats i förnybar energiteknik mot en hållbarare elproduktion. Koncentrerad solenergi (CSP) identifieras som en lovande teknik för att hantera en del av den framtida elproduktionen. I CSP-tekniken konverterar en solfångare det koncentrerade sollujset till högtemperaturvärme. Solfångaren är en av de kritiska CSPkomponenterna eftersom den arbetar under väldigt höga temperaturer och termiskflöde. Därigenom har solfångarens verkningsgraden och uthålligheten en direkt påverkan på CSP-tekniken och dess ekonomiska genomförbarhet.

Denna doktorsavhandling syftar att förbättra verkningsgraden och hålligheten hos en typisk solkavitetsfångare för dish-Stirling CSP-tekniken. Detta forskningsarbete innehåller nya experimentella och numeriska analyser som inriktar på att förbättra designen. Verkningsgraden förbättras genom analys av solfångarkavitets form, geometri och strålningsegenskaper. Hållfasthetsförbättringen uppnås genom studier av fördelaktiga stödstrukturer för solfångare. Dessutom har ett sollaboratorium utvecklats och karakteriserats för att genomföra representativa experiment. Multipla parametriska experiment andvändes för att validera de numeriska simuleringarna.

Under sollaboratoriets utveckling konstaterades att det allmänt använda CCD-kamera-Lambertian-mål systemet inte kunde användas för sollaboratorikarakteriseringen med Fresnel-linser. På grund av detta utfördes laboratoriekarakteriseringen med en termopil-sensor (mätning av termisk flöde) och en platt kalorimeter. Dessutom gjorde en detaljerad Monte Carlo-osäkerhetsanalys det möjligt att utvärdera osäkerhetskedjan. Experimenten utformades för att öka noggrannheten i de slutligaresultaten.

I den studerade kavitetsfångaren var öppningdiametern den viktigaste parametern för dess verkningrad. Den koniska kavitetsformen gav den högsta verksningsgraden medan verkningsgraden potentiellt kan ökats 0.6% genom idealiska kavitetstrålningsegenskaper (hög emissivitet/absorptivitet förhållande). Studierna antyder att konvektion har en försumbar inverka för att bestämma den optimala öppningsdiametern och DNI-värdet har liten påverkan. Slutligen gav simuleringarna en kavitetsfångare med en maximal total verkningsgrade av 91.5%.

Experimentella mätningar av solfongarens utböjning andändes för att hitta realistiska mekaniska randvillkor. Ytterligare strukturella simuleringar antydde att de termomekaniska spänningarna kan minskas genom justering av solfångarens stödpunkter. Detta kan uppnås med tillämpningen av krafter och vridmoment. Dessutom kan toppspänningarna flyttas till kallare regioner för att förlänga solfångarens livslängd. Med nya stödpositioner kan livslängden mot creep öka 57% för det studerade fallet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2020. p. 80
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2020:2
Keywords
Concentrating Solar Power, Solar receiver, Solar simulator, Uncertainty analysis, Monte Carlo ray tracing, Experimental validation, Coatings, System modeling, Structural analysis, Creep damage, Thermal stress, Cavity receiver design
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-266773 (URN)978-91-7873-418-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-02-18, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, CSP-StirlingVinnova, 2016-02836Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-02836Swedish Energy Agency, 2016-02836
Available from: 2020-01-24 Created: 2020-01-20 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved

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