Chapter 32, Key Challenges Ahead, set out the nature of the energy challenges faced by the European Union, as framed by the Energy Union and illustrated by the research presented in this book. In this chapter, we consider further insights from the think tank INSIGHT_E concerning the direction of policy formulation to effectively address some of these challenges. Particular focus is on policy needs to drive decarbonization, such as the EU ETS, system and market design for increasing the role of renewables, and protections for vulnerable consumers in energy markets, and the energy-poor more broadly.