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Ribosome Profiling of Synechocystis Reveals Altered Ribosome Allocation at Carbon Starvation
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Systems Biology. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Systems Biology. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH). KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab. Univ Copenhagen, Copenhagen Plant Sci Ctr, Dept Plant & Environm Sci, Frederiksberg, Denmark..
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Systems Biology. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.
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2018 (English)In: mSystems, E-ISSN 2379-5077, Vol. 3, no 5, article id e00126-18Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Cyanobacteria experience both rapid and periodic fluctuations in light and inorganic carbon (C-i) and have evolved regulatory mechanisms to respond to these, including extensive posttranscriptional gene regulation. We report the first genome-wide ribosome profiling data set for cyanobacteria, where ribosome occupancy on mRNA is quantified with codon-level precision. We measured the transcriptome and translatome of Synechocystis during autotrophic growth before (high carbon [HC] condition) and 24 h after removing CO2 from the feedgas (low carbon [LC] condition). Ribosome occupancy patterns in the 5' untranslated region suggest that ribosomes can assemble there and slide to the Shine-Dalgarno site, where they pause. At LC, total translation was reduced by 80% and ribosome pausing was increased at stop and start codons and in untranslated regions, which may be a sequestration mechanism to inactivate ribosomes in response to rapid C-i depletion. Several stress response genes, such as thioredoxin M (sll1057), a putative endonuclease (slr0915), protease HtrA (slr1204), and heat shock protein HspA (sll1514) showed marked increases in translational efficiency at LC, indicating translational control in response to Ci depletion. Ribosome pause scores within open reading frames were mostly constant, though several ribosomal proteins had significantly altered pause score distributions at LC, which might indicate translational regulation of ribosome biosynthesis in response to Ci depletion. We show that ribosome profiling is a powerful tool to decipher dynamic gene regulation strategies in cyanobacteria. IMPORTANCE Ribosome profiling accesses the translational step of gene expression via deep sequencing of ribosome-protected mRNA footprints. Pairing of ribosome profiling and transcriptomics data provides a translational efficiency for each gene. Here, the translatome and transcriptome of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis were compared under carbon-replete and carbon starvation conditions. The latter may be experienced when cyanobacteria are cultivated in poorly mixed bioreactors or engineered to be product-secreting cell factories. A small fraction of genes (<200), including stress response genes, showed changes in translational efficiency during carbon starvation, indicating condition-dependent translation-level regulation. We observed ribosome occupancy in untranslated regions, possibly due to an alternative translation initiation mechanism in Synechocystis. The higher proportion of ribosomes residing in untranslated regions during carbon starvation may be a mechanism to quickly inactivate superfluous ribosomes. This work provides the first ribosome profiling data for cyanobacteria and reveals new regulation strategies for coping with nutrient limitation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Society for Microbiology , 2018. Vol. 3, no 5, article id e00126-18
Keywords [en]
cyanobacteria, gene regulation, light stress, translational control
National Category
Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-239499DOI: 10.1128/mSystems.00126-18ISI: 000449523700015Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85073681728OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-239499DiVA, id: diva2:1266475
Funder
Science for Life Laboratory - a national resource center for high-throughput molecular bioscienceSwedish Research Council Formas, 2015-939Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research , RBP14-0013Swedish Research Council, 2016-06160 2016-06160
Note

QC 20181128

Available from: 2018-11-28 Created: 2018-11-28 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Adaptations and constraints associated with autotrophy in microbial metabolism
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Adaptations and constraints associated with autotrophy in microbial metabolism
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from human activities are driving climate change, but the pending crisis could be mitigated by a circular carbon economy where released CO2 is recycled into commodity chemicals. Autotrophic microbes can make a contribution by producing chemicals, such as biofuels, from CO2 and renewable energy. The primary natural CO2 fixation pathway is the Calvin cycle, in which the enzyme Rubisco carboxylates ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. The present investigation used computational systems biology methods to map adaptations and constraints in autotrophic microbial metabolism based on the Calvin cycle. First, the metabolic network of the Calvin cycle-capable photoautotrophic cyanobacterium Synechocystis was contrasted with that of heterotrophic E. coli. Intracellular metabolite concentration ranges differed, leading to different capacity to provide thermodynamic driving forces to chemical production pathways. Second, the Calvin cycle in Synechocystis was modeled kinetically, showing that certain enzyme saturation and metabolite levels, for example high ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate concentration, were detrimental to stability. Control over reaction rates was distributed, but making certain enzymes faster, for example fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, could increase overall carbon fixation rate. Third, Synechocystis was starved of CO2 and ribosome profiling was used to track the effect on translation. Stress response and CO2 uptake were upregulated, but constant Rubisco expression and ribosome pausing in 5' untranslated regions indicated readiness for reappearance of CO2. Finally, microbial genomes with and without the Calvin cycle were contrasted, revealing metabolic, energetic, and regulatory adaptations that describe the properties of a functional autotroph. These findings provide a background for future study and engineering of autotrophs for direct conversion of CO2 into commodity chemicals.

Abstract [sv]

Utsläpp av koldioxid (CO2) från mänskliga aktiviteter driver klimatförändringarna, men den stundande krisen skulle kunna mildras av en cirkulär kolekonomi där CO2 som släpps ut återvinns till råvarukemikalier. Autotrofa mikrober kan bidra genom att producera kemikalier, såsom biobränslen, från CO2 och förnybar energi. Den primära naturliga syntesvägen för CO2-fixering är calvincykeln, i vilken enzymet Rubisco karboxylerar ribulos-1,5-bisfosfat. Undersökningen som ligger till grund för denna avhandling använde systembiologiska beräkningsmetoder för att kartlägga anpassningar och begränsningar i autotrof mikrobiell metabolism baserad på calvincykeln. För det första kontrasterades det metaboliska nätverket hos den calvincykelkapabla fotoautotrofa cyanobakterien Synechocystis med det hos heterotrofen E. coli. De intracellulära metabolitkoncentrationerna var olika, vilket ledde till olika kapacitet att bistå med termodynamisk drivkraft till kemiska syntesvägar. För det andra modellerades calvincykeln i Synechocystis kinetiskt, vilket visade att vissa enzymsatureringsnivåer och metabolitkoncentrationer, bland annat hög ribulos-1,5-bisfosfatkoncentration, motverkade stabiliteten. Kontroll över reaktionshastigheter var distribuerad, men ökning av hastigheten hos vissa enzymer, till exempel fruktos-1,6-bisfosfatas, skulle kunna öka den generalla kolfixeringshastigheten. För det tredje svältes Synechocystis på CO2 och ribosomprofilering användes för att följa effekten på translationen. Stressrespons och CO2-upptag uppreglerades, men konstant uttryck av Rubisco och pausning av ribosomer i de icketranslaterade 5'-regionerna indikerade beredskap för ett återuppträdande av CO2. Slutligen jämfördes mikrobiella genom med och utan calvincykeln, vilket avslöjade metaboliska, energetiska, och regulatoriska anpassningar som beskriver egenskaperna hos en funktionell autotrof. Dessa upptäckter ger en bakgrund för framtida studier och ingenjörsmässig design av autotrofer för direkt omvandling av CO2 till råvarukemikalier.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. p. 96
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2021:11
Keywords
Autotrophy, Carbon fixation, CO2 fixation, Calvin cycle, CBB cycle, Bacteria, Archaea, Prokaryotes, Cyanobacteria, Synechocystis, E. coli, Comparative genomics, Metabolic engineering, Microbial metabolism, Machine learning, Systems biology, Ribosome profiling, Kinetic modeling, Enzyme kinetics, Metabolic models, Pathway enumeration, Biosynthesis pathways, Metabolomics, Metabolite concentrations, Thermodynamics, Autotrofi, Kolfixering, CO2-fixering, Calvincykeln, CBB-cykeln, Bakterier, Arkéer, Prokaryoter, Cyanobakterier, Synechocystis, E. coli, Jämförande genomik, Metabolisk ingenjörskonst, Mikrobiell metabolism, Maskininlärning, Systembiologi, Ribosomprofilering, Kinetisk modellering, Enzymkinetik, Metaboliska modeller, Syntesvägsuppräkning, Biosyntesvägar, Metabolomik, Metabolitkoncentrationer, Termodynamik
National Category
Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292437 (URN)978-91-7873-814-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-05-07, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/64061878210, Solna, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2021-04-07

Available from: 2021-04-07 Created: 2021-04-06 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved
2. Systems biology techniques show high prevalence of post-translational regulation in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Systems biology techniques show high prevalence of post-translational regulation in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Earth's climate has been upset by carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from human activities and the use of fossil resources. To prevent catastrophic events on the environment and on civilizations, we urgently need to develop alternative solutions that utilize renewable resources. One contributing solution is to exploit metabolically engineered cyanobacteria that convert CO2 and sunlight into bioproducts, such as fuels or biodegradable plastics. However, these ancient bacteria have evolved a complex, robust, and self-regulated metabolic network that efficiently converts CO2 to biomass rather than a foreign chemical, which limits the productivity of engineered strains and the potential to use them in an industrial setting. Extended knowledge is therefore needed regarding the regulatory processes that govern their metabolism, in order to develop more efficient producer strains. The present investigation took advantage of recently developed systems biology techniques to explore translational and post-translational regulation in the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis. The first study showed that CO2-starved Synechocystis downregulated anabolic processes by post-translational ribosome inactivation. Ribosome profiling indicated that ribosomes that remained active were primarily synthesizing proteins involved in CO2 uptake and stress mediation. The regulatory protein thioredoxin TrxC was upregulated by induced translation and may conduct post-translational redox regulation during CO2 stress. In the second study, diurnal oscillations in the transcriptome, translatome and proteome were investigated using mRNA sequencing, ribosome profiling and quantitative proteomics. A stable proteome was observed, despite significant oscillations in protein synthesis. A model describing the dynamic relationship between protein synthesis and protein abundance suggested that a slow protein turnover is causing the observed effect. A stable proteome suggests that shifts between autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism occurring during day-night cycles are controlled by post-translational regulation. The third study investigated proteome arrangement strategies during light and CO2 limitation. Integration of proteomics data into a cellular protein economy model indicated that Synechocystis keeps underutilized protein reserves. These reserves may be activated by post-translational regulation to quickly adapt to changing growth conditions. In the fourth study, post-translational regulation by metabolite interactions was investigated using interaction proteomics and enzyme kinetic assays. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate activated the enzyme fructose/sedoheptulose-bisphosphatase, suggesting a feedforward activation mechanism in the Calvin cycle. AMP deactivates the same enzyme, which may facilitate glycogen catabolism during CO2 starvation. The findings and data of this work could guide future studies and attempts to engineer cyanobacteria for a sustainable production of commodity chemicals.

Abstract [sv]

Koldioxidutsläpp från mänskliga aktiviteter och utnyttjandet av fossila råvaror har satt jordens klimat ur balans. För förhindra katastrofala konsekvenser på civilisationer och naturliga miljöer behöver vi snarast utveckla alternativa lösningar som baserar sig på förnybara råvaror. En potentiell lösning är att använda genetiskt modifierade cyanobakterier som omvandlar koldioxid och solljus till värdefulla produkter, såsom bränslen och biologiskt nedbrytbar plast. Men dessa uråldriga bakterier har utvecklat ett komplext, robust och självreglerat metaboliskt nätverk för att effektivt omvandla koldioxid till sin egen biomassa, snarare än en främmande kemikalie. Detta begränsar de modifierade cyanobakteriernas produktivitet och möjligheten att använda dem för industriellt bruk. Därför krävs det utökad kunskap om hur deras metabolism är reglerad för att kunna utveckla högproduktiva stammar. Denna undersökning har utnyttjat nyligen utvecklade systembiologi-tekniker för att utforska hur metabolismen regleras i cyanobakterien Synechocystis. Resultaten från den första studien visade att Synechocystis nedreglerar anabola processer genom posttranslationell inaktivering av ribosomer när de svältes på koldioxid. Ribosomprofilering visade att ribosomer som fortfarande var aktiva tillverkade proteiner involverade i koldioxidupptag och stresshantering. Det regulatoriska proteinet thioredoxin TrxC ökade i mängd genom uppreglerad translation och utför möjligen posttranslationell redox-reglering under koldioxidstress. I den andra studien undersöktes dagliga svängningar i transkriptom, translatom och proteom med hjälp av mRNA-sekvensering, ribosomprofilering och kvantitativ proteomik. Ett stabilt proteom observerades, trots signifikanta svängningar i translation. En matematisk modell som beskrev det dynamiska förhållandet mellan proteinsyntes och proteinnivåer i cellen antydde att en långsam proteinomsättning orsakar den observerade effekten. Observationen av ett stabilt proteom antydde att omställningen mellan autotrof och heterotrof metabolism som sker mellan dag och natt regleras på posttranslationell nivå. Den tredje studien undersökte proteomallokeringsstrategier under ljus- och koldioxidbegränsad tillväxt. Integrering av proteomikdata i en cellulär proteinekonomimodell antydde att Synechocystis håller på underutnyttjade proteinreserver. Dessa reserver aktiveras förmodligen av posttranslationell reglering för att snabbt anpassa sig till förändringar i tillväxtmiljön. I den fjärde studien undersöktes posttranslationell reglering av metabolitinteraktioner med hjälp av interaktionsproteomik och enzymkinetiska analyser. Glyceraldehyd-3-fosfat aktiverade enzymet fruktos/sedoheptulosbisfosfatas, vilket föreslår en feedforward-aktiveringsmekanism i Calvin cykeln. AMP hämmar samma enzym, vilket skulle kunna styra glykogenkatabolism under koldioxidsvält. Resultaten och datan från detta arbete kan vägleda framtida forskning och försök att modifiera cyanobakterier för en hållbar produktion av råvarukemikalier.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. p. 84
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2021:57
Keywords
systems biology, sustainable development, omics, ribosome profiling, RNA sequencing, proteomics, genetic engineering, bioproduction, cyanobacteria, gene regulation, metabolism, translational regulation, post-translational regulation, bioinformatics
National Category
Natural Sciences
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-305282 (URN)978-91-8040-091-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-12-17, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2021-11-24

Available from: 2021-11-24 Created: 2021-11-24 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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