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Water impacts and water-climate goal conflicts of local energy choices – notes from a Swedish perspective
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9766-9426
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6419-4957
Department of Physical Geography and the Bolin Centre of Climate Research, Stockholm University.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9408-4425
2018 (English)In: Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, ISSN 2199-8981, E-ISSN 2199-899X, Vol. 376, p. 25-33Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

To meet both the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), nations, sectors, counties and cities need to move towards a sustainable energy system in the next couple of decades. Such energy system transformations will impact water resources to varying extents, depending on the transformation strategy and fuel choices. Sweden is considered to be one of the most advanced countries towards meeting the SDGs. This paper explores the geographical origin of and the current water use associated with the supply of energy in the 21 regional counties of Sweden. These energy-related uses of water represent indirect, but still relevant, impacts for water management and the related SDG on clean water and sanitation (SDG 6). These indirect water impacts are here quantified and compared to reported quantifications of direct local water use, as well as to reported greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as one example of other types of environmental impacts of local energy choices in each county. For each county, an accounting model is set up based on data for the local energy use in year 2010, and the specific geographical origins and water use associated with these locally used energy carriers (fuels, heat and electricity) are further estimated and mapped based on data reported in the literature and open databases. Results show that most of the water use associated with the local Swedish energy use occurs outside of Sweden. Counties with large shares of liquid biofuel exhibit the largest associated indirect water use in regions outside of Sweden. This indirect water use for energy supply does not unambiguously correlate with either the local direct water use or the local GHG emissions, although for the latter, there is a tendency towards an inverse relation. Overall, the results imply that actions for mitigation of climate change by local energy choices may significantly affect water resources elsewhere. Swedish counties are thus important examples of localities with large geographic zones of water influence due to their local energy choices, which may compromise water security and the possibility to meet water-related global goals in other world regions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Copernicus GmbH , 2018. Vol. 376, p. 25-33
National Category
Energy Systems Physical Geography Environmental Management
Research subject
Land and Water Resources Engineering; Energy Technology; Planning and Decision Analysis
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-249698DOI: 10.5194/piahs-376-25-2018Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85047359306OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-249698DiVA, id: diva2:1305587
Note

QC 20190429

Available from: 2019-04-17 Created: 2019-04-17 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Exploring cross-resource impacts of urban sustainability measures: an urban climate-land-energy-water nexus analysis
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring cross-resource impacts of urban sustainability measures: an urban climate-land-energy-water nexus analysis
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In an increasingly urban world, cities' global resource uses grow. Two fundamental resources for making cities liveable are water and energy. These resources are also closely interlinked – systems that convert and deliver energy to cities require water, and urban water systems use energy. In addition, these two resource systems affect and are affected by land use and climate change. This ‘nexus’ between climate, land use, energy and water (CLEW) systems has been extensively studied in the past decade, mainly with a focus on national and transboundary CLEW systems. This doctoral thesis develops the CLEW nexus research from an urban perspective.

Two quantitative analyses examine how different types of sustainability measures in cities affect intended and unintended CLEW systems. First, the CLEW impacts of a set of sustainability measures in New York City are assessed - from water conservation to emission reductions. Results show that every measure affects (to varying degrees) all studied sustainability dimensions - water, energy and climate - and that the impacts can be quantified through a reference-resource-to-service-system (RRSS).

The second quantitative study focuses on how CLEW impacts from a city's sustainability efforts spread beyond local and international borders. It investigates how global water and land use are affected in alternative scenarios to achieve climate neutrality in 2030 in the town of Oskarshamn, Sweden, using an energy systems simulation model. The study finds that both the magnitude and the geographical distribution of land and water requirements vary between scenarios. A strategy to achieve climate neutrality that invests in electrification leads to increased national water use, while a strategy that relies on biofuels has a greater impact on water and land use internationally. When results are translated to interactions between the UN's sustainable development goals (SDGs), they reveal that SDG synergies and trade-offs are 'strategy-dependent': different options for achieving SDGs on energy, sustainable cities and climate action have varying consequences for the advancement of SDGs on sustainable water, food production and biodiversity.

To shed light on how data challenges affect quantitative urban nexus studies, uncertainty assessments of selected thesis’ results are conducted and complemented with a thematic analysis of a set of recently published urban nexus papers. Together, they indicate that analytical choices, uncertainties in results and - as a consequence - research foci are influenced by data limitations in both this thesis and in other urban nexus studies.

Lastly, the finding from the Oskarshamn analysis – that SDG interactions are strategy-dependent – is deliberated with experts within sustainability sciences and SDG interaction research. From this, a research agenda is proposed with measures to make SDG 'spillovers' visible in local level decision-making.

Taken together, the thesis contributes to filling several knowledge gaps on how urban sustainability measures within the CLEW systems interact within and beyond city limits, and proposes analytical approaches to quantify these interactions. It further points out how current data challenges constrain quantitative urban nexus analyses and highlights research needs to improve data management as well as other key efforts to enable consideration of nexus interactions, including SDG 'spillovers', in cities' sustainability work.

Abstract [sv]

I takt med att världen urbaniseras ökar städers globalaresursanvändning. Två fundamentala resurser för att städer skafungera är vatten och energi. Dessa resurser är också närasammankopplade: system som omvandlar och levererar energi till enstad är beroende av vatten, samtidigt som energi krävs i flera delar avurbana vattensystem. Dessutom påverkar och påverkas bådaresurserna av markanvändning och klimatförändringar. Detta ’nexus’mellan klimat-, mark-, energi- och vatten- (från engelskan förkortatCLEW) system har studerats flitigt under det senaste decenniet, främstmed fokus på nationella och gränsöverskridande CLEW system. Dennaavhandling utvecklar CLEW nexus-forskningen från ett urbantperspektiv.

I två kvantitativa analyser undersöks hur olika typer avhållbarhetsåtgärder i städer påverkar avsedda och oavsiktliga CLEWsystem. Först analyseras effekten av ett antal hållbarhetsåtgärder i NewYork City – från vattenbesparingar till utsläppsminskningar.Resultaten visar att samtliga åtgärder är ’multifunktionella’ ochpåverkar (i varierande grad) alla studerade hållbarhetsdimensioner –vatten, energi och klimat - samt att detta går att kvantifiera med hjälpav ett referens-resurs-till-service-system (RRSS).

Den andra kvantitativa studien fokuserar på hur CLEW interaktionerfrån en stads hållbarhetsåtgärder sprids bortom lokala ochinternationella gränser. Här undersöks hur globala vatten- ochmarkresurser påverkas i olika scenarier för att nå klimatneutralitet år2030 i den lilla staden Oskarshamn, Sverige, med en energimodell avstaden. Resultaten visar på att både storleken och den geografiskaspridningen på den indirekta mark- och vattenanvändningen varierarmellan scenarierna. En strategi för att nå klimatneutralitet som satsarpå elektrifiering leder till ökade nationella vattenbehov, medan enstrategi som förlitar sig på biobränslen får större påverkan på vattenochmarkresurser internationellt. När resultaten översätts tillinteraktioner mellan FNs hållbarhetsmål (SDGs) visar de därför att målsynergier och målkonflikter är ’strategiberoende’. Olika vägval föratt nå SDGs för energi, hållbara städer och klimatåtgärder fårvarierande konsekvenser för möjligheten att nå SDGs för hållbarvattenanvändning, matproduktion och biologisk mångfald.

För att belysa hur databegränsningar påverkar urbana nexus-studiergenomförs dels osäkerhetsanalyser av delar av avhandlingenskvantitativa studier och dels en tematisk analys av ett urval av nyligenpublicerade ’urban nexus’-artiklar. Tillsammans visar de på att bådemetodval, osäkerhet i resultat och (som en konsekvens av detta) forskningsfokus påverkas av identifierade datautmaningar i bådedenna avhandling och i andra urbana nexus-studier.

Implikationer från resultatet i Oskarshamnsanalysen – att städers SDGinteraktioner är ’strategiberoende’ – diskuteras slutligen medframträdande forskare inom global hållbarhet och SDG-interaktioner.Utifrån detta formuleras en forskningsagenda med åtgärder för attmöjliggöra att SDG ’spillovers’ beaktas i lokala hållbarhetsbeslut.

Sammantaget bidrar avhandlingen till att fylla kunskapsluckor om hurstäders hållbarhetsåtgärder inom CLEW systemen interagerar, inomoch bortom stadsgränserna, samt föreslår analysmetoder för attkvantifiera dessa interaktioner. Avhandlingen visar på hurnexusanalyser med fokus på städer begränsas av datautmaningar ochlyfter forskningsbehov för att förbättra datahantering och andrakritiska forskningsinsatser för att möjliggöra att hänsyn tas till nexusinteraktioner,inklusive SDG ’spillovers’, i städers hållbarhetsarbete.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 142
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2022:6
Keywords
urban sustainability, CLEW nexus, water-energy nexus, nature-based solutions, SDG spillovers
National Category
Energy Systems Environmental Management Environmental Sciences Physical Geography Other Environmental Engineering
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-310616 (URN)978-91-8040-168-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-04-29, Kollegiesalen / https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_5HVBOFOTTQOIGWBgZxHzOg, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2022-04-06 Created: 2022-04-06 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved

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