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Rheology of Cement Grouts: On the Critical Shear Rate and No-Slip Regime in the Couette Geometry
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics. Skanska Sweden AB, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3981-447X
2019 (English)In: Cement and Concrete Research, ISSN 0008-8846, E-ISSN 1873-3948Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The rheological properties of cement grouts play a key role in determining the final spread in grouted rock formations. In terms of flow properties, cement grouts are known to be complex thixotropic fluids, but their steady flow behavior is often described by the simple Bingham constitutive law. Due to their time dependent nature, the flow curves of cement grouts have been known to exhibit an unstable non-monotonic region, characterized by a negative slope below a critical shear rate. Within this paper, we focus on how this unstable region that is dominated by flow localization is affected by rheometer geometry and flow sweep measurement interval. We carried out controlled shear rate (CSR) flow sweeps on typical micro-cement grouts within different Couette geometries. Lastly, we discuss the effects of geometry and measurement interval on the resulting flow curves, with a focus on the critical shear rate that separates homogenous from non-homogeneous unstable flow.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2019.
Keywords [en]
Rheology, Cement Paste, Critical Shear Rate, Physical Properties, Portland Cement, Cement Grouts, Yield Stress Fluid
National Category
Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-251623DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.05.014ISI: 000487173500030Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85066289804OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-251623DiVA, id: diva2:1316116
Funder
Svenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond (SBUF), 13225
Note

QC 20190521

Available from: 2019-05-16 Created: 2019-05-16 Last updated: 2022-10-24Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. On the measurement and application of cement grout rheological properties
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the measurement and application of cement grout rheological properties
2019 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The rheological properties of cement-based grouts play a key role in determining the final spread in grouted rock formations. Rheologically, cement grouts are known to be complex thixotropic fluids, but their steady flow behavior is often described by fitting the simple Bingham constitutive law to flow curve data. The resultant Bingham parameters are then used in grouting design of e.g. tunnels, to estimate the penetration length. Since cement grouts are thixotropic suspensions, the interpretation of their flow curves as obtained from flow sweeps in concentric cylinder rotational rheometers is often complicated by: the presence of wall slip, sedimentation and unstable flow at low shear rates. A systematic approach to study these effects within the constraints of the concentric cylinder geometry (Couette) and for different cement grout concentrations was carried out as part of the Licentiate research work. Of particular interest was the influence of geometry and flow sweep measurement interval on flow curves, including the characteristic unstable flow branch that appears at applied shear rates that are below the critical shear rate. The unstable flow branch observed below the critical shear rate has been described as a characteristic feature in the flow curves of thixotropic suspensions, e.g. cement grouts, laponite. From a practical standpoint, this information can then be readily used to improve rheological measurements of cement grouts. The existence of the critical shear rate below which no stable flow occurs, plus the complex wall slip phenomenon are then discussed by considering how they affect actual spread in rough and smooth rock fractures.

Another major part of the research presented in this thesis relates to the measurement of model yield stress fluid (YSF), i.e. Carbopol, velocity profiles within the radial flow geometry. Radial flow between parallel plates, is an idealized fundamental flow configuration that is often used as a basis for grout spread estimation in planar rock fractures. Compared to other flow configurations with YSFs, e.g. channels, only a limited amount of work has presented analytical solutions, numerical models and especially experimental work for radial flow. Thus, as a first step towards more systematic studies of the plug flow region of YSFs in radial flow the current work presents the design, manufacture and for the first time velocity profile measurements that were conducted by using the pulsed Ultrasound Velocity Profiling (UVP) technique. The current observations for tests carried out with different disk spacings and flow rates show a distinct plug region, coupled with wall slip effects for the Carbopol model YSF fluid that was used. The theoretically predicted velocity profiles and the measured ones agree reasonably well, and the main discrepancies are discussed. Future studies, would then be targeted at improving the current experimental setup, for detailed measurements of the plug flow region along the radial length, which remains a challenging issue for studies on YSFs and engineering applications such as rock grouting design.

Abstract [sv]

Cementbaserade injekteringsmedels reologiska egenskaper har en stor påverkan på strömning och inträngningslängd i sprickigt berg. Medlens reologi är komplex, inklusive tixotropi, men strömningen beskrivs ändå oftast med den enkla linjära Bingham modellen i injekteringssammanhang. De två parametrarna från denna modell, flytgräns och viskositet, används sedan inom injekteringsdesign, för t.ex. tunnlar och dammar, för att bedöma inträngningen. Eftersom cementbaserade medel är tixoptropa suspensioner försvåras utvärderingen vid mätning med konventionella rotationsviskometrar på grund av glidning vid fasta begränsningsytor, sedimentation/separation av partiklarna och instabila flöden vid låga deformationshastigheter. En systematisk mätprocedur för att studera ovanstående problem med rotationsviskometer och koncentriska cylindrar samt olika vanliga vattencementtal, har utförts inom ramen för detta licentiatarbete. Av särskilt intresse har varit att studera effekten av olika geometrier och tidsintervallet mellan mätningarna, inklusive den instabila delen av flödeskurvan då deformationshastigheten är lägre än ett kritiskt värde. Denna del av kurvan har i litteraturen beskrivits som karakteristisk för tixotropa suspensioner, som t.ex. cementbaserade injekteringsmedel. Praktiskt kan ovanstående kunskap användas för att förbättra mätningen av de reologiska egenskaperna. Existensen av en kritisk deformationshastighet under vilken det inte finns något stabilt flöde, i kombination med glidning vid fasta begränsningsytor, diskuteras särskilt med hänsyn till dess påverkan på faktisk inträngning i släta och råa bergsprickor.

Ett annat fokus i licentiatarbetet har varit att studera icke-Newtonska modellvätskors (Carbopol) radiella strömning mellan parallella plattor. Denna typ av strömningsgeometri används ofta som en idealiserad konfiguration för strömning i bergsprickor. I jämförelse med andra enklare geometrier, finns endast en begränsad forskning utförd för denna geometri både då det gäller analytiska och numeriska beräkningar men framförallt då det gäller experiment. Som ett första steg inför en mer systematisk undersökning av icke-Newtonsk radiella strömning presenteras i detta arbete framtagandet av en fysisk laboratoriemodell där hastighetsprofilerna mellan plattorna för första gången visualiserats med hjälp av ultraljud. De utförda mätningarna med tre olika öppningar mellan plattorna sam tre olika värden på det konstanta flödet, visar på en distinkt plugg som är ett resultat av vätskans flytgräns samt glidning i gränsskiktet mellan vätskan och plattornas fasta begränsningsytor. En jämförelse mellan uppmätta hastighetsprofiler och analytiskt beräknade diskuteras där resultaten överensstämmer relativt väl, med beaktande av de långtgående förenklade antaganden som krävs för beräkningarna.

Fortsatta studier kommer att fokuseras på att förbättra laboratoriemodellen för en mer detaljerad studie av icke-Newtonska vätskors strömning och hur pluggen utvecklas under den radiella inträngningen, vilket fortsättningsvis är av betydelse för design av injektering i bergsprickor.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2019. p. iii-xvi, 48
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 1922
Keywords
Cement-based grouts, grouting, yield stress fluid (YSF), thixotropy, critical shear rate, radial flow, wall slip, Bingham model
National Category
Civil Engineering Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering; Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-251745 (URN)978-91-7873-240-1 (ISBN)
Presentation
2019-06-12, B26, Brinellvägen 23, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
SBUF - Sveriges Byggindustriers UtvecklingsfondRock Engineering Research Foundation (BeFo)
Note

QC 20190521

Available from: 2019-05-21 Created: 2019-05-21 Last updated: 2025-02-05Bibliographically approved
2. Rock grouting design: Rheological aspects and radial flow visualizations with ultrasound
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Rock grouting design: Rheological aspects and radial flow visualizations with ultrasound
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The rheological properties of cement-based grouts play a crucial role indetermining the final spread in grouted rock formations. In rheological terms,cement grouts are known to be complex time-dependent yield stress fluids,but their steady flow behavior is often described by the simple Binghamconstitutive law. The Bingham parameters obtained from the linear curvefitting to flow curve data are then used in grout propagation calculationsduring the design phase, e.g., for rock fracture grouting in tunnel construction.Since cement grouts are time-dependent and thixotropic suspensions, theinterpretation of their flow curves during conventional rotational rheometryis often complicated by the presence of wall slip, thixotropy, flow localization,and sedimentation, particularly at low shear rates. A systematic approachwas carried out as part of the research work to study these effects within theconstraints of the concentric cylinder geometry (Couette) and for differentcement grout concentrations. Of particular interest were the influence ofgeometry and flow sweep measurement interval on flow curves, includingthe characteristic unstable flow branch that appears at applied shear ratesthat are below the critical shear rate. The unstable flow branch observedbelow the critical shear rate has been described as a characteristic feature inthe flow curves of thixotropic suspensions, e.g., cement grouts and laponite.From a practical standpoint, these crucial shear rate aspects, including wallslip, have not been considered during grouting design calculations whileusing the common Bingham model. Thus, the research also considered theseshear rate aspects as part of grouting design by incorporating them into thedesign approach within the existing framework of the Real Time GroutingControl (RTGC) method.

Another interesting part of the research work presented in this thesis relatesto studies on the radial flow of yield stress fluids. The radial flow betweenparallel plates is an idealized fundamental flow configuration that is oftenused to understand grout spread estimation in rock fractures. In part,the entire radial flow work was motivated by the ongoing discussions inthe literature regarding the different analytical solutions for radial flow.Moreover, compared to other flow configurations, e.g., pipes and channels,only a limited amount of work has presented analytical solutions, numericalmodels, and especially experimental work for radial flow. Thus, during thedoctoral work, a radial flow experimental device was designed, manufactured,and subsequently used to acquire Carbopol YSF radial flow velocity profilesfor the first time. The velocity profile measurements were carried out usingthe pulsed Ultrasound Velocity Profiling (UVP) technique. The velocityprofiles from the initial radial flow study showed that significant wall slip was present. An analytical solution with a Navier slip term was used todescribe the velocity profiles, resulting in a good agreement in the velocityprofile magnitude. However, the plug-flow region extent was smaller in theanalytical solution. Subsequent studies on radial flow sought to addressthe wall slip issue using different wall slip reduction procedures (chemicaltreatment and sandblasting). Both treatments showed substantial wallslip reduction; however, some wall slip effects persisted, especially for thethicker Carbopol gels. In addition, a plug-point estimation algorithm usingTikhonov regularization was developed to calculate the yield points fromthe non-smooth velocity profiles accurately. A final modification was theaddition of frame reinforcement to maintain the required constant aperturebetter. The tests carried out in the final radial flow study followed the testscheme from the previous studies, but with two concentrations of Carbopol.The aim was to compare the measured velocity profiles with two radialflow analytical solutions based on different assumptions that have recentlybeen discussed in the literature. The measurement results showed a goodagreement in the velocity profile shape, but with some velocity magnitudediscrepancies, particularly in the central part of the velocity profiles. Suchdiscrepancies could result from remaining wall slip together with other higher-order flow effects, e.g., nonlinear flow due to inertial effects, that are notaccounted for by the analytical solutions. Nevertheless, within the contextof grouting practice, such magnitudes of differences could be consideredreasonable for scoping calculations during grouting design and execution.Future studies related to radial flow can improve the current understandingby conducting similar tests, but with improved experimental setups, e.g.,better wall slip reduction, larger aspect ratios, and more detailed spatialresolution for smaller flow apertures. Additionally, the understanding of therheological behavior of cement grouts would be improved from a practicalstandpoint, i.e., grouting design and execution, if the wall slip phenomenonis studied in more detail and considered an inseparable feature of yield stressfluid flow.

Abstract [sv]

Cementbaserade injekteringsmedels reologiska egenskaper har en stor påver-kan på strömning och inträngningslängd i sprickigt berg. Medlens reologi ärkomplex, inklusive tixotropi, men strömningen och inträngningen beskrivsändå oftast med den enkla linjära Bingham modellen i injekteringssam-manhang. De två parametrarna från denna modell, flytgräns och viskositet,används sedan inom injekteringsprojektering, för t.ex. tunnlar och dam-mar, för att bedöma inträngningen. Eftersom cementbaserade medel ärtixoptropa suspensioner försvåras utvärderingen vid mätning med konventio-nella rotationsviskometrar på grund av glidning vid fasta begränsningsytor,sedimentation/separation av partiklarna och instabila flöden vid låga defor-mationshastigheter. En systematisk mätprocedur för att studera ovanståendeproblem med rotationsviskometer och koncentriska cylindrar samt olika van-liga vattencementtal, har utförts inom ramen för detta doktorandarbete.Av särskilt intresse har varit att studera effekten av olika geometrier ochtidsintervallet mellan mätningarna, inklusive den instabila delen av flödes-kurvan då deformationshastigheten är lägre än ett kritiskt värde. Dennadel av kurvan har i litteraturen beskrivits som karakteristisk för tixotropasuspensioner, som t.ex. cementbaserade injekteringsmedel. Praktiskt kanovanstående kunskap användas för att förbättra mätningen av de reologiskaegenskaperna. Existensen av en kritisk deformationshastighet under vilkendet inte finns något stabilt flöde, i kombination med glidning vid fasta be-gränsningsytor, diskuteras särskilt med hänsyn till dess påverkan på faktiskinträngning i släta och råa bergsprickor.

Ett annat fokus i doktorandarbetet har varit att studera icke-Newtonskamodellvätskors (Carbopol) radiella strömning mellan parallella plattor. Den-na typ av strömningsgeometri används ofta som en idealiserad konfigurationför strömning i bergsprickor. I jämförelse med andra enklare geometrier,finns endast en begränsad forskning utförd för denna geometri både då detgäller analytiska och numeriska beräkningar men framförallt då det gällerexperiment. Som ett första steg inför en mer systematisk undersökning avicke-Newtonsk radiella strömning presenteras i detta arbete framtagandetav en fysisk laboratoriemodell där hastighetsprofilerna mellan plattorna förförsta gången visualiserats med hjälp av ultraljud. De utförda mätningar-na med tre olika öppningar mellan plattorna sam tre olika värden på detkonstanta flödet, visar på en distinkt plugg som är ett resultat av vätskansflytgräns samt glidning i gränsskiktet mellan vätskan och plattornas fastabegränsningsytor. En jämförelse mellan uppmätta hastighetsprofiler ochanalytiskt beräknade diskuteras där resultaten överensstämmer relativt väl,med beaktande av de långtgående förenklade antaganden som krävs för de analytiska beräkningarna. Fortsatta studier kommer att fokuseras på attförbättra laboratoriemodellen för en mer detaljerad studie av icke-Newtonskavätskors strömning och hur pluggen utvecklas under den radiella inträng-ningen, vilket fortsättningsvis är av betydelse för projektering av injekteringi bergsprickor.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. p. 77
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2140
Keywords
Cement grouts, grouting, yield stress fluid (YSF), thixotropy, critical shear rate, radial flow, wall slip, Bingham model, Cementbaserade injekteringsmedels, injektering, icke-Newtonska vätskors, tixotropi, kritisk deformationshastigheten, radiella strömning, glidning, Bingham modell
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304246 (URN)978-91-8040-029-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-12-02, F3, Lindstedsvägen 26, KTH Campus, Kontakt johan.spross@byv.kth.se Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65013898349, Stockholm, 15:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Svenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond (SBUF)Rock Engineering Research Foundation (BeFo)
Note

QC 211110

Available from: 2021-11-10 Created: 2021-10-28 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved

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Shamu, JohnHåkansson, Ulf

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  • Other style
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