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Carbon Fibers from Lignin-Cellulose Precursors: Effect of Stabilization Conditions
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology.
RISE Mat & Prod, Box 104, SE-43122 Molndal, Sweden..
RISE Bioecon, Box 5604, SE-11486 Stockholm, Sweden..
RISE Bioecon, Box 5604, SE-11486 Stockholm, Sweden..
2019 (English)In: ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, E-ISSN 2168-0485, Vol. 7, no 9, p. 8440-8448Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

There is an increasing demand for lightweight composites reinforced with carbon fibers (CFs). Due to its high availability and carbon content, kraft lignin has gained attention as a potential low-cost CF precursor. CFs with promising properties can be made from flexible dry-jet wet spun precursor fibers (PFs) from blends (70:30) of softwood kraft lignin and fully bleached softwood kraft pulp. This study focused on reducing the stabilization time, which is critical in CF manufacturing. The impact of stabilization conditions on chemical structure, yield, and mechanical properties was investigated. It was possible to reduce the oxidative stabilization time of the PFs from about 16 h to less than 2 h, or even omitting the stabilization step, without fusion of fibers. The main reactions involved in the stabilization stage were dehydration and oxidation. The results suggest that the isothermal stabilization at 250 degrees C override the importance of having a slow heating rate. For CFs with a commercial diameter, stabilization of less than 2 h rendered in tensile modulus 76 GPa and tensile strength 1070 MPa. Impregnation with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate significantly increased the CF yield, from 31-38 to 46-50 wt %, but at the expense of the mechanical properties.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
AMER CHEMICAL SOC , 2019. Vol. 7, no 9, p. 8440-8448
Keywords [en]
Carbon fiber, Softwood kraft lignin, Fully bleached softwood kraft pulp, Stabilization, Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, Dry jet wet spinning
National Category
Chemical Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-252615DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00108ISI: 000467351200048Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85065403539OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-252615DiVA, id: diva2:1319636
Note

QC 20190603

Available from: 2019-06-03 Created: 2019-06-03 Last updated: 2024-03-15Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Biobased carbon fibers from solution spun lignocellulosic precursors
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Biobased carbon fibers from solution spun lignocellulosic precursors
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Carbon fibers (CFs) have excellent mechanical properties and a low density, making themattractive as a reinforcing fiber in composites. The use of CFs is limited to high-end applications,since they are produced from an expensive fossil-based precursor via an energy-intensivemanufacturing process, explaining the need for cheaper CFs from renewables. CFs can be madefrom strong cellulosic precursors, but the low carbon content of cellulose results in a lowconversion yield, and thus an expensive CF. Lignin has a higher carbon content than cellulose butCFs from melt spun lignin precursors have presented challenges, since these precursors have a lowstrength and are difficult to convert to CF in a realistic conversion time.In the present work, CFs from solution spun precursors consisting of blends of softwood kraftlignin and cellulose have been developed. The lignin-cellulose precursors (up to 70% lignin) wereprepared with air-gap spinning and wet spinning, using an ionic liquid and a water-based solventsystem for co-dissolution, respectively. Co-processing of cellulose and lignin was beneficial as theformer made the precursor strong and easy to handle, whereas the latter gave a higher conversionyield than precursors based solely on cellulose. The precursors were converted to CFs via bothbatchwise and continuous conversion, using industrially relevant times (< 2 h), with a yield up to45 wt% after incorporation of a flame retardant.These CFs have a moderate Young’s modulus and tensile strength up to 75–77 GPa and 1.2 GPa,respectively, i.e. similar to the values for CFs from fossil-based isotropic pitch and they can thusbe classified as general-grade CFs. These biobased CFs have a disordered turbostratic graphitestructure, and their tensile properties are affected by the precursor structure, the conversionconditions, and the final diameter. These CFs can potentially be used as a sustainable componentin non-structural and semi-structural applications.

Abstract [sv]

Kolfibrer har utmärkta mekaniska egenskaper och en låg densitet, vilket gör dem attraktiva somstyrkebärande komponent i kompositer. Kolfibrer används främst i applikationer där god prestandaöverväger dess höga kostnad, vilken grundar sig i användandet av en dyr fossilbaserad startfibersom konverteras till kolfiber i en energikrävande process, vilket förklarar behovet av billigarekolfibrer från förnyelsebara råvaror. Kolfibrer kan tillverkas från starka cellulosabaseradestartfibrer, men cellulosans låga kolinnehåll resulterar i ett lågt utbyte, vilket leder till en dyrkolfiber. Lignin har ett högre kolinnehåll och har smältspunnits, men den låga styrkan hosstartfibern samt den långa konverteringstiden är utmanande.I detta arbete har kolfibrer utvecklats från lösningsmedelsspunna startfibrer innehållandeblandningar av barrvedslignin och cellulosa. Startfibrerna, innehållande upp till 70% lignin, harspunnits med luftgapsspinning samt våtspinning, där en jonvätska respektive ett vattenbaseratlösningsmedelssystem använts. Att samprocessa cellulosa och lignin var fördelaktigt eftersom denförstnämnda gjorde startfibrerna starka och lätthanterliga medan den sistnämnda ökadekonverteringsutbytet jämfört med cellulosabaserade startfibrer. Kolfibrer framställdes både satsvisoch kontinuerligt under industriellt relevanta tider (<2 timmar), med ett konverteringsutbyte upptill 45% efter tillsats av ett flamskyddsmedel.Dessa kolfibrer har en relativt låg elasticitetsmodul om 75–77 GPa och dragstyrka om 1.2 GPa,vilket är i paritet med kolfibrer från fossilbaserad isotrop stenkolstjära, vilket gör att de kanklassificeras som kolfibrer av intermediär kvalitet. Kolfibrerna har en oordnad turbostratiskgrafitstruktur, och de mekaniska egenskaperna påverkas av konverteringsbetingelserna,startfiberns struktur samt slutdiametern. Dessa kolfibrer kan potentiellt användas som en hållbarkomponent i icke- samt partiellt-styrkebärande applikationer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 66
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2022:57
Keywords
Carbon fiber, Carbonization, Cellulose, Kraft pulp, Softwood kraft lignin, Solution spinning, Stabilization, Barrvedslignin, Cellulosa, Karbonisering, Kolfiber, Lösningsmedelsspinning, Stabilisering, Sulfatmassa
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology Composite Science and Engineering Materials Chemistry
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-321059 (URN)978-91-8040-407-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-12-02, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2022-11-07

Available from: 2022-11-07 Created: 2022-11-04 Last updated: 2022-11-07Bibliographically approved

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