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SEQUENCER: Sequence-to-Sequence Learning for End-to-End Program Repair
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Theoretical Computer Science, TCS.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6673-6438
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2019 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, ISSN 0098-5589, E-ISSN 1939-3520, Vol. 47, no 9Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper presents a novel end-to-end approach to program repair based on sequence-to-sequence learning. We devise, implement, and evaluate a technique, called SEQUENCER, for fixing bugs based on sequence-to-sequence learning on source code. This approach uses the copy mechanism to overcome the unlimited vocabulary problem that occurs with big code. Our system is data-driven; we train it on 35,578 samples, carefully curated from commits to open-source repositories. We evaluate SEQUENCER on 4,711 independent real bug fixes, as well on the Defects4J benchmark used in program repair research. SEQUENCER is able to perfectly predict the fixed line for 950/4,711 testing samples, and find correct patches for 14 bugs in Defects4J benchmark. SEQUENCER captures a wide range of repair operators without any domain-specific top-down design.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2019. Vol. 47, no 9
Keywords [en]
machine learning, program repair, Defects, Learning systems, Open source software, Open systems, Data driven, Domain specific, Open source repositories, Repair operator, Sequence learning, Source codes, Testing samples, Top down design, Repair
National Category
Software Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-263253DOI: 10.1109/TSE.2019.2940179ISI: 000696667700011Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85072171801OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-263253DiVA, id: diva2:1368167
Note

QC 20211011

Available from: 2019-11-06 Created: 2019-11-06 Last updated: 2023-11-17Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Source Code Representations of Deep Learning for Program Repair
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Source Code Representations of Deep Learning for Program Repair
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Källkodsrepresentationer för djupinlärning av Programreparation
Abstract [en]

Deep learning, leveraging artificial neural networks, has demonstrated significant capabilities in understanding intricate patterns within data. In recent years, its prowess has been extended to the vast domain of source code, where it aids in diverse software engineering tasks such as program repair, code summarization, and vulnerability detection. However, using deep learning for analyzing source code poses unique challenges. This thesis primarily focuses on the challenges of representing source code to deep learning models for the purpose of automated program repair, a task that aims to automatically fix program bugs.

Source code, inherently different from natural languages, is both large in size and unique in vocabulary due to freely named identifiers, thus presenting the out-of-vocabulary challenge. Furthermore, its inherent precision requires exact representation; even a minor error can cause complete system failures. These characteristics underscore the importance of designing appropriate input and output representations for deep learning models, ensuring that they can efficiently and accurately process code for the purposes of program repair. The core contributions of this thesis address these challenges.

First, we propose a compact input representation that encapsulates the essential context for bug fixing. The compact input representation retains the relevant information that is essential to understanding the bug while removing unnecessary context that might add noise to the model.

Second, we tackle the out-of-vocabulary problem by harnessing techniques from natural language processing, capitalizing on existing code elements for bug fixes, and drawing parallels to the redundancy assumption in traditional program repair approaches.

Third, to address the precision of source code, we integrate bug information into the input representation and pivot the model's output from complete code generation to concise edit instructions, offering a more focused and accurate approach.

Last, we show that by unifying the source code representation across multiple code-related tasks, we facilitate transfer and multi-task learning. Both learning strategies can help in mitigating issues faced when training on limited datasets.

Abstract [sv]

Djupinlärning, som utnyttjar artificiella neurala nätverk, har visat betydande förmågor att förstå de komplexa mönster som finns i data. Under de senaste åren har dess förmåga utökats till den enorma domänen av källkod, där den hjälper till med olika uppgifter inom mjukvaruutveckling såsom programreparation, kodsummering och detektering av sårbarheter. Att använda djupinlärning för att analysera källkod medför dock unika utmaningar. Denna avhandling fokuserar främst på utmaningarna med att representera källkod för djupinlärningsmodeller i syfte att reparera program.

Källkod, som i grunden skiljer sig från naturliga språk, är både stor i storlek och unik i ordförråd på grund av fritt namngivna identifierare, vilket medför problemet med ord utanför ordförrådet. Dessutom kräver dess naturliga precision en exakt representation; även ett mindre fel kan orsaka totala systemfel. Dessa egenskaper understryker vikten av att designa lämpliga in- och utdatarepresentationer för djupinlärningsmodeller, för att säkerställa att de kan bearbeta koden effektivt och korrekt för ändamålet att reparera program. De centrala bidragen i denna avhandling löser dessa utmaningar.

För det första föreslår vi en kompakt indatarepresentation som fångar den väsentliga kontexten för buggfixning. Den kompakta indatarepresentationen behåller den relevanta informationen som är nödvändig för att förstå buggen, samtidigt som den tar bort onödig kontext som kan vara brus för modellen.

För det andra löser vi problemet med ord utanför ordförrådet genom att utnyttja tekniker från naturlig språkbehandling, och dra nytta av befintliga kodelement för buggfixar, vilket drar paralleller till redundansantagandet i traditionella programreparationsmetoder.

För det tredje, för att hantera källkodens precision, integrerar vi bugg information i indatarepresentationen och ändrar modellens utdata från fullständig kodgenerering till korta redigeringsinstruktioner, vilket erbjuder ett mer fokuserat och korrekt tillvägagångssätt.

Slutligen visar vi att genom att ena källkodsrepresentationen över flera kodrelaterade uppgifter underlättar vi överföring och fleruppgiftsinlärning. Båda inlärningsstrategierna kan mildra problem som uppstår vid träning på begränsade data.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. xi, 117
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2023:83
Keywords
Code Representation, Deep Learning, Program Repair
National Category
Computer Sciences
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-339763 (URN)978-91-8040-764-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-12-11, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, Trustfull
Note

QC 20231117

Available from: 2023-11-17 Created: 2023-11-17 Last updated: 2023-11-21Bibliographically approved

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