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Vulnerability of Ugandas Electricity Sector to Climate Change: An Integrated Systems Analysis
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Energy Systems Analysis.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0764-2615
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9061-8485
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Energy Systems Analysis.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4022-5506
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Energy Systems Analysis.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6419-4957
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2019 (English)In: Handbook of Climate Change Resilience / [ed] Leal Filho, Walter, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing , 2019, p. 1-30Chapter in book (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Hydropower contributed to about 86% of Uganda's total electricity generation in 2016 (UBOS, 2016). With more than 2000 MW of investments in the pipeline, within the next decade (Platts 2016), this technology is expected to play a critical role in Uganda's transition to a higher consumption level in the multi-tier framework for measuring energy access (MEMD 2015). Competition for water sources is a common challenge among its users. In this case, hydropower infrastructure is not an exception, and water allocation is frequently prioritized to supply domestic and agriculture sectors. With Uganda’s population expected to double by 2050 compared to 2015 levels (UNDESA 2017), the competition for water among the different sectors is only expected to increase. In addition to this, climatic variables, like precipitation and temperature, introduce a high variability in the availability of surface water (Maslin and Austin 2012). Hence, before locking down on major infrastructure decisions as is the case of large-scale hydropower plants (\textgreater100 MW), it is prudent to take into consideration the cross-sectorial dependencies, trade-offs, and potential impacts of climate variability. This study develops a methodology based on the established Climate, Land, Energy and Water strategies (CLEWs) framework (Howells et al. 2013) to assess the vulnerability of the electricity sector to climate change by also considering minimum environmental flows in major Ugandan rivers. This assessment utilizes the cost of electricity generation as an indicative metric to compare conditions of different hydropower output, in light of changing climates and hypothetical environmental flow constraints. It concludes that irrespective of the climate, if key environmental services have to be maintained, there will be a reduction in hydropower generation in the country, and proper adaptation measures need to be taken to avoid disruptions in the power supply.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Switzerland: Springer International Publishing , 2019. p. 1-30
Keywords [en]
Climate change, Hydropower, Energy systems analysis, Hydrology, Uganda, CLEWs, Environmental flow regulations
National Category
Energy Systems
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-271153DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71025-9_45-2OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-271153DiVA, id: diva2:1415648
Note

QC 20200319

Available from: 2020-03-19 Created: 2020-03-19 Last updated: 2022-12-07Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Impact of climate change on integrated resource systems- Insights from selected East African case studies
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Impact of climate change on integrated resource systems- Insights from selected East African case studies
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

With countries revisiting their climate pledges agreed at the conference of parties (COP) in Paris, in 2015, the discussion on the impact of changes in the long-term climate on natural resources has never been more relevant. Specifically, since the 2011 Bonn conference on the nexus between resource systems, the interlinkages between energy, water and land resource systems and their climatic connections are on the radar. Despite the excitement around the nexus between the climate, land, energy and water (CLEW) systems, they are still explored in isolation in many countries. This has resulted in lopsided policies, making long-term infrastructure investments vulnerable to climatic changes. This dissertation, taking the case of the Eastern African region, adds to this discussion on resource interactions, sectoral policy decisions and climate resilience. This dissertation includes a cover essay and four appended papers. By employing regional (East Africa) and national (Uganda) case studies, quantitative methods are presented addressing three research questions, relevant to the discussion on climate change and its impact on key resource systems. This thesis combines the usage of two modelling frameworks and downscaled climatic data to emphasise the need for an integrated approach to adapt to climate change. First, the climate resilience of electricity supply expansion strategies is evaluated for the countries in the Eastern African Power Pool (EAPP). Our results highlight that the opportunity costs in planning for a slightly wetter climate than the baseline are less than adapting for a drier one. The potential of electricity interconnectors in mitigating the impact of climate change is also evaluated. The national-level study on Uganda explores the effect of climatic change on a hydropower dominated electricity sector by taking into consideration different minimum river flow regulations. This dissertation finds that even under the cumulatively wettest climate future, having flow constraints will lead to a reduction in hydropower generation. This is critical to energy planners while making important decisions on future electricity supply infrastructure. This thesis also generates datasets on climate and region-specific crop-yield variability in Uganda. For the first time, the water and energy implications of implementing the national irrigation master plan in Uganda are analysed. The results of this dissertation led to interesting conclusions on the importance of climate-model and emission-scenario selection. Finally, by using an integrated model setup—consisting of energy, water and land systems—this thesis emphasises the importance of understanding the cross-propagative effects that policies enacted on one resource system can have on other interlinked systems. Thereby, it emphasises the need for a cohesive, integrated and collaborative approach to policymaking.

Abstract [sv]

Sammanfattning

Diskussionerna kring de långsiktiga klimatförändringarna och dess effekter på naturtillgångar har aldrig varit mer relevant. Inte minst med anledning av att länder återbesöker sina klimatåtaganden från Förenta Nationernas klimatkonferens 2015. Mer specifikt så har samspelet mellan energi-, vatten- och land-resurser samt deras inverkan på klimatet stått i centrum. Trots det ökade intresset för sambandet mellan klimat-, land-, energi - och vatten-system (CLEW), behandlas de olika systemen fortfarande separat i många länder. Detta har resulterat i felprioriterad politik och investeringar i stora infrastrukturprojekt sårbara gentemot klimatförändringar. Denna avhandling bidrar till diskussionen kring resursinteraktioner, sektorpolitiska beslut och klimatsäkerhet ur ett Östafrikanskt perspektiv.

Denna avhandling innehåller en omslagssatsa och fyra medföljande artiklar. Genom att använda regionala (Östafrika) och nationella (Uganda) fallstudier, presenteras kvantitativa metoder för att besvara tre forskningsfrågor som är relevanta för diskussionen kring klimatförändringar och dess påverkan på vitala resurssystem. Denna avhandling kombinerar användandet av två modelleringsramverk och klimatdata för att understryka behovet av en integrerad strategi för att anpassa samhället till klimatförändringarna.

Först utvärderas klimatmotståndskraften för de nuvarande utvidgningsstrategierna för de Östafrikanska elförsörjningssystemen (EAPP). Våra resultat belyser att alternativkostnaderna för att planera för ett något våtare klimat än väntat är mindre än att anpassa sig till ett torrare. Möjligheten att sammankoppla olika elsystem för att på så sätt minska påverkan från klimatförändringar har också undersökts. Studien på Uganda analyserar effekterna av klimatförändringar på en kraftsektor dominerad av vattenkraft. Detta görs genom att ta hänsyn till den minimala vattenföringen vid olika tillfällen. Avhandlingen konstaterar att även under ett kontinuerligt vått klimat kommer flödesbegränsningar att leda till en minskning av elproduktion. Detta är avgörande för energiplanerare då elförsörjningens framtida infrastruktur planeras. 

 

Denna avhandling tar också fram data kring klimatscenarion, samt region- och grödospecifik variabilitet i Uganda. För första gången har konsekvenserna för vatten- och energisystemen av att genomföra den nationella bevattningsplanen i Uganda analyserats. Baserat på resultatet av denna avhandling kan intressanta slutsatser dras kring valet av klimatmodell och vikten av korrekt val av utsläppsscenario. Slutligen, med hjälp av en integrerad modelluppsättning—innehållande energi-, vatten- och land-system—belyser denna avhandling de rippel- eller korsförökande effekterna av en resurssystempolitik på andra sammanlänkade system. Genom detta betonas behovet vikten av en sammanhängande, integrerad och samarbetsinriktad strategi för beslutsfattande.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2020. p. 108
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2020:17
Keywords
climate change; integrated assessment; Uganda; agriculture; water and energy systems; climate resilience; CLEW nexus
National Category
Energy Systems Energy Engineering
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-271700 (URN)978-91-7873-496-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-05-04, https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/1115874955885/WN_U-wBGMbpRYCtA9uUWrkzLw, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Available from: 2020-04-09 Created: 2020-04-09 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved

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Sridharan, VigneshRamos, EuniceTaliotis, ConstantinosHowells, Mark I.

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