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Impact of climate change on integrated resource systems- Insights from selected East African case studies
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Energy Systems Analysis. (Division of Energy Systems)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0764-2615
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

With countries revisiting their climate pledges agreed at the conference of parties (COP) in Paris, in 2015, the discussion on the impact of changes in the long-term climate on natural resources has never been more relevant. Specifically, since the 2011 Bonn conference on the nexus between resource systems, the interlinkages between energy, water and land resource systems and their climatic connections are on the radar. Despite the excitement around the nexus between the climate, land, energy and water (CLEW) systems, they are still explored in isolation in many countries. This has resulted in lopsided policies, making long-term infrastructure investments vulnerable to climatic changes. This dissertation, taking the case of the Eastern African region, adds to this discussion on resource interactions, sectoral policy decisions and climate resilience. This dissertation includes a cover essay and four appended papers. By employing regional (East Africa) and national (Uganda) case studies, quantitative methods are presented addressing three research questions, relevant to the discussion on climate change and its impact on key resource systems. This thesis combines the usage of two modelling frameworks and downscaled climatic data to emphasise the need for an integrated approach to adapt to climate change. First, the climate resilience of electricity supply expansion strategies is evaluated for the countries in the Eastern African Power Pool (EAPP). Our results highlight that the opportunity costs in planning for a slightly wetter climate than the baseline are less than adapting for a drier one. The potential of electricity interconnectors in mitigating the impact of climate change is also evaluated. The national-level study on Uganda explores the effect of climatic change on a hydropower dominated electricity sector by taking into consideration different minimum river flow regulations. This dissertation finds that even under the cumulatively wettest climate future, having flow constraints will lead to a reduction in hydropower generation. This is critical to energy planners while making important decisions on future electricity supply infrastructure. This thesis also generates datasets on climate and region-specific crop-yield variability in Uganda. For the first time, the water and energy implications of implementing the national irrigation master plan in Uganda are analysed. The results of this dissertation led to interesting conclusions on the importance of climate-model and emission-scenario selection. Finally, by using an integrated model setup—consisting of energy, water and land systems—this thesis emphasises the importance of understanding the cross-propagative effects that policies enacted on one resource system can have on other interlinked systems. Thereby, it emphasises the need for a cohesive, integrated and collaborative approach to policymaking.

Abstract [sv]

Sammanfattning

Diskussionerna kring de långsiktiga klimatförändringarna och dess effekter på naturtillgångar har aldrig varit mer relevant. Inte minst med anledning av att länder återbesöker sina klimatåtaganden från Förenta Nationernas klimatkonferens 2015. Mer specifikt så har samspelet mellan energi-, vatten- och land-resurser samt deras inverkan på klimatet stått i centrum. Trots det ökade intresset för sambandet mellan klimat-, land-, energi - och vatten-system (CLEW), behandlas de olika systemen fortfarande separat i många länder. Detta har resulterat i felprioriterad politik och investeringar i stora infrastrukturprojekt sårbara gentemot klimatförändringar. Denna avhandling bidrar till diskussionen kring resursinteraktioner, sektorpolitiska beslut och klimatsäkerhet ur ett Östafrikanskt perspektiv.

Denna avhandling innehåller en omslagssatsa och fyra medföljande artiklar. Genom att använda regionala (Östafrika) och nationella (Uganda) fallstudier, presenteras kvantitativa metoder för att besvara tre forskningsfrågor som är relevanta för diskussionen kring klimatförändringar och dess påverkan på vitala resurssystem. Denna avhandling kombinerar användandet av två modelleringsramverk och klimatdata för att understryka behovet av en integrerad strategi för att anpassa samhället till klimatförändringarna.

Först utvärderas klimatmotståndskraften för de nuvarande utvidgningsstrategierna för de Östafrikanska elförsörjningssystemen (EAPP). Våra resultat belyser att alternativkostnaderna för att planera för ett något våtare klimat än väntat är mindre än att anpassa sig till ett torrare. Möjligheten att sammankoppla olika elsystem för att på så sätt minska påverkan från klimatförändringar har också undersökts. Studien på Uganda analyserar effekterna av klimatförändringar på en kraftsektor dominerad av vattenkraft. Detta görs genom att ta hänsyn till den minimala vattenföringen vid olika tillfällen. Avhandlingen konstaterar att även under ett kontinuerligt vått klimat kommer flödesbegränsningar att leda till en minskning av elproduktion. Detta är avgörande för energiplanerare då elförsörjningens framtida infrastruktur planeras. 

 

Denna avhandling tar också fram data kring klimatscenarion, samt region- och grödospecifik variabilitet i Uganda. För första gången har konsekvenserna för vatten- och energisystemen av att genomföra den nationella bevattningsplanen i Uganda analyserats. Baserat på resultatet av denna avhandling kan intressanta slutsatser dras kring valet av klimatmodell och vikten av korrekt val av utsläppsscenario. Slutligen, med hjälp av en integrerad modelluppsättning—innehållande energi-, vatten- och land-system—belyser denna avhandling de rippel- eller korsförökande effekterna av en resurssystempolitik på andra sammanlänkade system. Genom detta betonas behovet vikten av en sammanhängande, integrerad och samarbetsinriktad strategi för beslutsfattande.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2020. , p. 108
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2020:17
Keywords [en]
climate change; integrated assessment; Uganda; agriculture; water and energy systems; climate resilience; CLEW nexus
National Category
Energy Systems Energy Engineering
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-271700ISBN: 978-91-7873-496-2 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-271700DiVA, id: diva2:1422809
Public defence
2020-05-04, https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/1115874955885/WN_U-wBGMbpRYCtA9uUWrkzLw, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-04-09 Created: 2020-04-09 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Resilience of the Eastern African electricity sector to climate driven changes in hydropower generation
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2019 (English)In: Nature Communications, E-ISSN 2041-1723, Vol. 10, no 1, article id 302Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Notwithstanding current heavy dependence on gas-fired electricity generation in the Eastern African Power Pool (EAPP), hydropower is expected to play an essential role in improving electricity access in the region. Expansion planning of electricity infrastructure is critical to support investment and maintaining balanced consumer electricity prices. Variations in water availability due to a changing climate could leave hydro infrastructure stranded or result in underutilization of available resources. In this study, we develop a framework consisting of long-term models for electricity supply and water systems management, to assess the vulnerability of potential expansion plans to the effects of climate change. We find that the most resilient EAPP rollout strategy corresponds to a plan optimised for a slightly wetter climate compared to historical trends. This study demonstrates that failing to climate-proof infrastructure investments can result in significant electricity price fluctuations in selected countries (Uganda & Tanzania) while others, such as Egypt, are less vulnerable.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Nature Publishing Group, 2019
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246402 (URN)10.1038/s41467-018-08275-7 (DOI)000455954700003 ()30655521 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85060178293 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20190328

Available from: 2019-03-28 Created: 2019-03-28 Last updated: 2023-03-28Bibliographically approved
2. Vulnerability of Ugandas Electricity Sector to Climate Change: An Integrated Systems Analysis
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Vulnerability of Ugandas Electricity Sector to Climate Change: An Integrated Systems Analysis
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2019 (English)In: Handbook of Climate Change Resilience / [ed] Leal Filho, Walter, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing , 2019, p. 1-30Chapter in book (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Hydropower contributed to about 86% of Uganda's total electricity generation in 2016 (UBOS, 2016). With more than 2000 MW of investments in the pipeline, within the next decade (Platts 2016), this technology is expected to play a critical role in Uganda's transition to a higher consumption level in the multi-tier framework for measuring energy access (MEMD 2015). Competition for water sources is a common challenge among its users. In this case, hydropower infrastructure is not an exception, and water allocation is frequently prioritized to supply domestic and agriculture sectors. With Uganda’s population expected to double by 2050 compared to 2015 levels (UNDESA 2017), the competition for water among the different sectors is only expected to increase. In addition to this, climatic variables, like precipitation and temperature, introduce a high variability in the availability of surface water (Maslin and Austin 2012). Hence, before locking down on major infrastructure decisions as is the case of large-scale hydropower plants (\textgreater100 MW), it is prudent to take into consideration the cross-sectorial dependencies, trade-offs, and potential impacts of climate variability. This study develops a methodology based on the established Climate, Land, Energy and Water strategies (CLEWs) framework (Howells et al. 2013) to assess the vulnerability of the electricity sector to climate change by also considering minimum environmental flows in major Ugandan rivers. This assessment utilizes the cost of electricity generation as an indicative metric to compare conditions of different hydropower output, in light of changing climates and hypothetical environmental flow constraints. It concludes that irrespective of the climate, if key environmental services have to be maintained, there will be a reduction in hydropower generation in the country, and proper adaptation measures need to be taken to avoid disruptions in the power supply.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2019
Keywords
Climate change, Hydropower, Energy systems analysis, Hydrology, Uganda, CLEWs, Environmental flow regulations
National Category
Energy Systems
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-271153 (URN)10.1007/978-3-319-71025-9_45-2 (DOI)
Note

QC 20200319

Available from: 2020-03-19 Created: 2020-03-19 Last updated: 2022-12-07Bibliographically approved
3. The impact of climate change on crop production in Uganda-An integrated systems assessment with water and energy implications
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The impact of climate change on crop production in Uganda-An integrated systems assessment with water and energy implications
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2019 (English)In: Water, E-ISSN 2073-4441, Vol. 11, no 9, article id 1805Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

With less than 3% of agricultural cropland under irrigation, subsistence farmers in Uganda are dependent on seasonal precipitation for crop production. The majority of crops grown in the country-especially staple food crops like Matooke (Plantains)-are sensitive to the availability of water throughout their growing period and hence vulnerable to climatic impacts. In response to these challenges, the Government has developed an ambitious irrigation master plan. However, the energy implications of implementing the plan have not been explored in detail. This article attempts to address three main issues involving the nexus between water, energy, crop production, and climate. The first one explores the impact of climate on rain-fed crop production. The second explores the irrigation crop water needs under selected climate scenarios. The third focuses on the energy implications of implementing the irrigation master plan. We attempt to answer the above questions using a water balance model for Uganda developed for this study. Our results, developed at a catchment level, indicate that on average there could be an 11% reduction and 8% increase in rain-fed crop production in the cumulatively driest and wettest climates, respectively. Furthermore, in the identified driest climate, the electricity required for pumping water is expected to increase by 12% on average compared to the base scenario.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG, 2019
Keywords
Climate change, Crop yield, Integrated analysis, Irrigation, Pumping electricity demand;Uganda, Catchments, Crops, Cultivation, Rain, Climate scenarios, Electricity demands, Integrated systems, Seasonal precipitations, Water and energies, Water balance models
National Category
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-262470 (URN)10.3390/w11091805 (DOI)000488834400068 ()2-s2.0-85072213917 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20191017

Available from: 2019-10-17 Created: 2019-10-17 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved
4. Land, energy and water resource management and its impact on GHG emissions, electricity supply and food production- Insights from a Ugandan case study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Land, energy and water resource management and its impact on GHG emissions, electricity supply and food production- Insights from a Ugandan case study
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(English)In: Article in journal (Refereed) Submitted
Abstract [en]

Despite the excitement around the nexus between land, energy and water resource systems, policies enacted to govern and use these resources are still formulated in isolation, without considering the interdependencies. Using a Ugandan case study, we highlight the impact that one policy change in the energy system will have on other resource systems. We focus on deforestation, long term electricity supply planning, crop production, water consumption, land-use change and climate impacting greenhouse gas (GHG) trajectories. In this study, an open-source integrated modelling framework is used to map the ripple effects of a policy change related to reducing biomass consumption. We find that, despite the reduction in deforestation of woodlands and forests, the GHG emissions in the power sector is expected to increase in between 2040-2050, owing to higher fossil fuel usage. This policy change is also likely to increase the cost of electricity generation, which in turn affects the agricultural land types. There is a shift from irrigated to rainfed type land due to higher electricity costs. Through the use of this integrated model setup for Uganda, we highlight the need for integrated policy planning that takes into consideration the interlinkages between the resource systems and cross propagation effects.

Keywords
integrated policy planning, land, energy, water, Uganda, GHG emissions, irrigation, electricity infrastructure
National Category
Environmental Management
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-271157 (URN)
Note

QC 20200319

Available from: 2020-03-19 Created: 2020-03-19 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved

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