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Lamellae-controlled electrical properties of polyethylene - morphology, oxidation and effects of antioxidant on the DC conductivity
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials.
Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Mat & Mfg Technol, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden..
ABB Power Grids Res, S-72178 Vasteras, Sweden..
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2170-0076
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2020 (English)In: RSC Advances, E-ISSN 2046-2069, Vol. 10, no 8, p. 4698-4709Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Destruction of the spherulite structure in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is shown to result in a more insulating material at low temperatures, while the reverse effect is observed at high temperatures. On average, the change in morphology reduced the conductivity by a factor of 4, but this morphology-related decrease in conductivity was relatively small compared with the conductivity drop of more than 2 decades that was observed after slight oxidation of the LDPE (at 25 degrees C and 30 kV mm(-1)). The conductivity of LDPE was measured at different temperatures (25-60 degrees C) and at different electrical field strengths (3.3-30 kV mm(-1)) for multiple samples with a total crystalline content of 51 wt%. The transformation from a 5 mu m coherent structure of spherulites in the LDPE to an evenly dispersed random lamellar phase (with retained crystallinity) was achieved by extrusion melt processing. The addition of 50 ppm commercial phenolic antioxidant to the LDPE matrix (e.g. for the long-term use of polyethylene in high voltage direct current (HVDC) cables) gave a conductivity ca. 3 times higher than that of the same material without antioxidants at 60 degrees C (the operating temperature for the cables). For larger amounts of antioxidant up to 1000 ppm, the DC conductivity remained stable at ca. 1 x 10(-14) S m(-1). Finite element modeling (FEM) simulations were carried out to model the phenomena observed, and the results suggested that the higher conductivity of the spherulite-containing LDPE stems from the displacement and increased presence of polymeric irregularities (formed during crystallization) in the border regions of the spherulite structures.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020. Vol. 10, no 8, p. 4698-4709
National Category
Chemical Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-271500DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09479bISI: 000516549000050PubMedID: 35495223Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85079066076OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-271500DiVA, id: diva2:1425826
Note

QC 20200422

Available from: 2020-04-22 Created: 2020-04-22 Last updated: 2024-03-15Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Fundamentals of Polyethylene Composites for HVDC Cable Insulation – Interfaces and Charge Carriers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Fundamentals of Polyethylene Composites for HVDC Cable Insulation – Interfaces and Charge Carriers
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Power transmission over long distances by using high voltage direct current (HVDC) cables is important for the transition from fossil energy to using renewable energy sources, e.g. wind, solar and water. Higher operating voltages enable longer transmission lines but better insulation materials with a much lower conductivity than today´s crosslinked polyethylene (PE) are required to reach the goal of 1 MV by 2030. Nanocomposites consisting of small fractions of metal oxide nanoparticles in PE are promising insulation materials, showing ca. 100 times lower conductivity. The reasons for the better insulating properties are however not fully understood.

The properties of PE and inorganic nanoparticles were studied in this project to evaluate the influence of different material parameters on the conductivity of the cable insulation material. For pristine PE, the polymer morphology and oxidation were found to have a significant impact on the conductivity. For PE nanocomposites, the particle/polymer interface was shown to adsorb polar molecules, which are present in PE cable insulation. A suggested hypothesis is that the adsorption on particle surfaces results in cleaning of the bulk polymer from impurities, which in turn contributes to decreased nanocomposite conductivity. Since the particle interface is believed to be decisive for the nanocomposite properties, the role of particle terminations was investigated in detail. Oxygen dominated particle terminations resulted in 2 times higher composite conductivity than with zinc dominated surfaces, while fully oxygen covered surfaces showed 10 times higher conductivity. Composite systems with micro-sized particles allowed for evaluating parameters independently, which is not possible for nanocomposites. Terminations of ‘PE-like’ hydrocarbon chains lowered the conductivity and these trends could also be transferred to similar zinc oxide nanocomposite systems.

Abstract [sv]

Distribution av elektrisk energi över långa avstånd genom att använda högspänd likström (HVDC) blir allt viktigare för att ställa om till en förnyelsebar energiproduktion (t.ex. solkraft, vindkraft och vattenkraft). Med ökad driftspänning kan längre kabelsystem användas på grund av minskade förluster, men detta ställer högre krav på isoleringsmaterialet. Nya koncept med bättre isolerande egenskaper (t.ex. lägre konduktivitet) än dagens tvärbundna polyeten (PE) måste utvecklas för att kunna uppnå målet med en driftspänning på 1 MV till 2030. Kompositer bestående av nanopartiklar i PE är ett lovande alternativ som är ca. 100 gånger mer isolerande än PE men kunskapen om varför kompositer uppvisar bättre isolerande egenskaper är inte komplett.

Egenskaper hos PE och inorganiska nanopartiklar studeras i detta projekt för att utvärdera vilken betydelse olika parametrar har för DC konduktiviteten. För ren PE så påverkade polymerens morfologi och oxidation konduktiviteten signifikant. För nanokompositer är gränsytan mellan partikel och polymer viktig för kompositens egenskaper och det visades att polära molekyler som finns i kabelisolering av PE adsorberades på partikelytorna. Det föreslogs att adsorptionen bidrar till en renare polymer i kompositerna, vilket i sin tur minskar konduktiviteten. Termineringar på zinkoxidpartiklar undersöktes i detalj och partiklar med en majoritet av syre på ytan ökade kompositens konduktivitet 2 gånger jämfört med dominerande termineringar av zink. Ytor helt täckta av syre ökade konduktiviteten 10 gånger. Påverkan av funktionaliteten på partikelytan kunde studeras oberoende av andra parametrar genom att använda större mikropartiklar, vilket inte är möjligt för nanopartiklar. Slutsatsen att partikelytor med kolväten som liknar PE sänkte konduktiviteten jämfört med syredominerande ytor kunde även bekräftas för kompositer med nanopartiklar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2020. p. 98
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2020:27
Keywords
polyethylene, nanocomposites, HVDC, conductivity, metal oxide, nanoparticles, surface functionality, polyeten, nanokompositer, HVDC, konduktivitet, metalloxider, nanopartiklar, ytfunktionalitet
National Category
Composite Science and Engineering Textile, Rubber and Polymeric Materials Nano Technology
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273541 (URN)978-91-7873-547-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-08-26, https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_wQLokbhFTZOvJq6GIKSMmQ, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
SweGRIDS - Swedish Centre for Smart Grids and Energy Storage, ML8
Note

QC 2020-05-25

Available from: 2020-05-25 Created: 2020-05-21 Last updated: 2022-09-08Bibliographically approved

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Karlsson, Mattias E.Ström, ValterHedenqvist, Mikael S.Nilsson, FritjofOlsson, Richard

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