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Solubility and Diffusivity of Polar and Non-Polar Molecules in Polyethylene-Aluminum Oxide Nanocomposites for HVDC Applications
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5454-3316
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6071-6241
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2020 (English)In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 13, no 3, p. 722-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The best commercial high-voltage insulation material of today is (crosslinked) ultra-pure low-density polyethylene (LDPE). A 100-fold decrease in electrical conductivity can be achieved by adding 1–3 wt.% of well-dispersed inorganic nanoparticles to the LDPE. One hypothesis is that the nanoparticle surfaces attract ions and polar molecules, thereby cleaning the surrounding polymer, and thus reducing the conductivity. LDPE-based nanocomposites with 1–12 wt.% octyl-coated aluminum oxide nanoparticles were prepared and the sorption and desorption of one polar compound (acetophenone, a crosslinking by-product) and one non-polar compound of a similar size (limonene) were examined. Since the uptake of acetophenone increased linearly with increasing filler content, whereas the uptake of limonene decreased, the surface attraction hypothesis was strengthened. The analytical functions for predicting composite solubility as a function of particle size and filler fraction were derived using experimental solubility measurements and Monte Carlo simulations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG , 2020. Vol. 13, no 3, p. 722-
Keywords [en]
LDPE, HVDC, nanocomposites, solubility, acetophenone, limonene
National Category
Polymer Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-272989DOI: 10.3390/en13030722ISI: 000522489000215Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85079558896OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-272989DiVA, id: diva2:1428155
Funder
SweGRIDS - Swedish Centre for Smart Grids and Energy Storage, ML8
Note

QC 20200624

Available from: 2020-05-04 Created: 2020-05-04 Last updated: 2024-03-15Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Fundamentals of Polyethylene Composites for HVDC Cable Insulation – Interfaces and Charge Carriers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Fundamentals of Polyethylene Composites for HVDC Cable Insulation – Interfaces and Charge Carriers
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Power transmission over long distances by using high voltage direct current (HVDC) cables is important for the transition from fossil energy to using renewable energy sources, e.g. wind, solar and water. Higher operating voltages enable longer transmission lines but better insulation materials with a much lower conductivity than today´s crosslinked polyethylene (PE) are required to reach the goal of 1 MV by 2030. Nanocomposites consisting of small fractions of metal oxide nanoparticles in PE are promising insulation materials, showing ca. 100 times lower conductivity. The reasons for the better insulating properties are however not fully understood.

The properties of PE and inorganic nanoparticles were studied in this project to evaluate the influence of different material parameters on the conductivity of the cable insulation material. For pristine PE, the polymer morphology and oxidation were found to have a significant impact on the conductivity. For PE nanocomposites, the particle/polymer interface was shown to adsorb polar molecules, which are present in PE cable insulation. A suggested hypothesis is that the adsorption on particle surfaces results in cleaning of the bulk polymer from impurities, which in turn contributes to decreased nanocomposite conductivity. Since the particle interface is believed to be decisive for the nanocomposite properties, the role of particle terminations was investigated in detail. Oxygen dominated particle terminations resulted in 2 times higher composite conductivity than with zinc dominated surfaces, while fully oxygen covered surfaces showed 10 times higher conductivity. Composite systems with micro-sized particles allowed for evaluating parameters independently, which is not possible for nanocomposites. Terminations of ‘PE-like’ hydrocarbon chains lowered the conductivity and these trends could also be transferred to similar zinc oxide nanocomposite systems.

Abstract [sv]

Distribution av elektrisk energi över långa avstånd genom att använda högspänd likström (HVDC) blir allt viktigare för att ställa om till en förnyelsebar energiproduktion (t.ex. solkraft, vindkraft och vattenkraft). Med ökad driftspänning kan längre kabelsystem användas på grund av minskade förluster, men detta ställer högre krav på isoleringsmaterialet. Nya koncept med bättre isolerande egenskaper (t.ex. lägre konduktivitet) än dagens tvärbundna polyeten (PE) måste utvecklas för att kunna uppnå målet med en driftspänning på 1 MV till 2030. Kompositer bestående av nanopartiklar i PE är ett lovande alternativ som är ca. 100 gånger mer isolerande än PE men kunskapen om varför kompositer uppvisar bättre isolerande egenskaper är inte komplett.

Egenskaper hos PE och inorganiska nanopartiklar studeras i detta projekt för att utvärdera vilken betydelse olika parametrar har för DC konduktiviteten. För ren PE så påverkade polymerens morfologi och oxidation konduktiviteten signifikant. För nanokompositer är gränsytan mellan partikel och polymer viktig för kompositens egenskaper och det visades att polära molekyler som finns i kabelisolering av PE adsorberades på partikelytorna. Det föreslogs att adsorptionen bidrar till en renare polymer i kompositerna, vilket i sin tur minskar konduktiviteten. Termineringar på zinkoxidpartiklar undersöktes i detalj och partiklar med en majoritet av syre på ytan ökade kompositens konduktivitet 2 gånger jämfört med dominerande termineringar av zink. Ytor helt täckta av syre ökade konduktiviteten 10 gånger. Påverkan av funktionaliteten på partikelytan kunde studeras oberoende av andra parametrar genom att använda större mikropartiklar, vilket inte är möjligt för nanopartiklar. Slutsatsen att partikelytor med kolväten som liknar PE sänkte konduktiviteten jämfört med syredominerande ytor kunde även bekräftas för kompositer med nanopartiklar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2020. p. 98
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2020:27
Keywords
polyethylene, nanocomposites, HVDC, conductivity, metal oxide, nanoparticles, surface functionality, polyeten, nanokompositer, HVDC, konduktivitet, metalloxider, nanopartiklar, ytfunktionalitet
National Category
Composite Science and Engineering Textile, Rubber and Polymeric Materials Nano Technology
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273541 (URN)978-91-7873-547-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-08-26, https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_wQLokbhFTZOvJq6GIKSMmQ, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
SweGRIDS - Swedish Centre for Smart Grids and Energy Storage, ML8
Note

QC 2020-05-25

Available from: 2020-05-25 Created: 2020-05-21 Last updated: 2022-09-08Bibliographically approved

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Holder, Shima L.Karlsson, Mattias E.Olsson, Richard S.Hedenqvist, Mikael S.Nilsson, Fritjof

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