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Effect of cellulose oxalate as cellulosic reinforcement in ternary composites of polypropylene/maleated polypropylene/cellulose
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology. KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Engn Sci Chem Biotechnol & Hlth, Dept Fiber & Polymer Technol, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden..
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH).
FineCell Sweden AB, SE-16832 Bromma, Sweden..
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Centres, Wallenberg Wood Science Center. KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Engn Sci Chem Biotechnol & Hlth, Dept Fiber & Polymer Technol, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden..ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3858-8324
2020 (English)In: Composites. Part A, Applied science and manufacturing, ISSN 1359-835X, E-ISSN 1878-5840, Vol. 134, article id 105894Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Micro-sized cellulosic materials are promising reinforcements for thermoplastic composites. In this study, a new type of microcellulose - cellulose oxalate (COX) was used as reinforcement for polypropylene-based composites and its reinforcing effect was evaluated. COX and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), which was used for comparison, were subjected to ball milling process for different times to obtain milled cellulose powders. Ternary composites consisting of 60 wt% polypropylene (PP) as the matrix, 10 wt% maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as the coupling agent and 30 wt% milled or non-milled cellulose powder as reinforcement were prepared by melt-extrusion and injection molding. Tensile test results showed that 1 h milled COX-containing composite exhibited the best tensile properties (e.g., tensile strength and Young's modulus are 16.1% and 106.0% respectively higher than those of neat PP) and MCC generally exhibited a poorer reinforcing effect than COX with same milling time.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2020. Vol. 134, article id 105894
Keywords [en]
Cellulose, Polymer-matrix composites (PMCs), Mechanical properties, Extrusion
National Category
Bio Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273873DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105894ISI: 000531081300006Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85082805426OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-273873DiVA, id: diva2:1434657
Note

QC 20200603

Available from: 2020-06-03 Created: 2020-06-03 Last updated: 2022-11-29Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Hydrophobization of cellulose for bio-based materials
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hydrophobization of cellulose for bio-based materials
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Cellulosa, vilken är huvudkomponenten i växter förekommer rikligt i naturen, både på land och i havet. Cellulosabaserade material har i tusentals år använts av människan för dagliga förnödenheter som bränsle och konstruktionsmaterial. Cellulosa isolerades först av den franske forskaren Anselme Payen 1838. I det moderna samhället har applikationerna av cellulosa blivit mer omfattande i och med mer kunskap om cellulosans kemi, vilket även resulterat i modifiering av dess struktur och därmed produkter med nya egenskaper vilka kan möta dagens nya krav. I denna avhandling har kunskap om hur cellulosan kan modifieras, speciellt med avseende på att öka hydrofobiciteten, dvs att minska förmågan att absorbera vatten samt att öka kompabiliteten i kompositmaterial.Cellulosafibrer används ofta som förstärkning i kompositmaterial. I detta arbete användes en ny typ av mikrocellulosa – ett cellulosaderivat, cellulosaoxalat (COX), för framställning av polymersammansättningar. COX hydrofoberades först av maleaterad polypropylen (MAPP) eller oljesyra för att erhålla en bättre kompatibilitet med den hydrofoba matrisen av polypropylen (PP). Det konstaterades att en komposit bestående av 60% PP och 40% MAPP-hydrofoberad COX visade 16% högre draghållfasthet och 106% högre Youngs modul än ren PP. Vid användning av oljesyra för hydrofobering av COX är det möjligt att undvika att använda toxiska katalysatorer för att fullborda förestringen mellan COX och oljesyra, vilket kan leda till en mer miljövänlig process.På samma sätt användes naturligt förekommande föreningar med syftet att framställa hydrofoba cellulosabaserade textilier. Betulin, en naturprodukt isolerad från björkens bark, användes för att modifiera vätbarheten hos cellulosabaserade textilier med tre olika metoder. Textilfibrer modifierades genom att de behandlades i en betulinlösning varefter de torkades och kunde därefter uppvisa en statisk vattenkontaktvinkel (SWCA) på 153°. Därefter ytbehandlades textilfibrer med en betulinbaserad film, vilken uppvisade ett vattenavvisande värde på 80 enligt ett standardtest från American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC). Framställning av betulin-ympad cellulosabaserad textil, visade inte bara hydrofoba egenskaper (SWCA upp till 136°) utan även antibakteriella egenskaper med mer än 99% reduktion av bakterier.Baserat på resultaten från denna avhandling öppnas möjligheter att modifiera cellulosa och erhålla vattenavstötande eller mer kompatibla material för framställning av kompositmaterial. Ökade möjligheter att använda biprodukter, t.ex. betulin och oljesyra, från de skogsindustriella processerna i ett bioraffinaderiperspektiv, kan även bidra till mer hållbara och miljövänliga processer och ökade ekonomiska värden.

Abstract [en]

As a main structural component of plants, cellulose is naturally abundant and widely distributed on earth. Although the chemical formula of cellulose was determined in 1838, human beings have been using cellulose to produce daily necessities, such as textiles and paper, for thousands of years. In modern society, the applications of cellulose have expanded considerably as the understanding of the chemistry of cellulose has increased, and researchers have been able to alter the structure of cellulose to obtain new properties to meet new requirements. With this strategy of structure alteration, this work demonstrated new methods of hydrophobization of cellulose to prepare emerging materials with new or improved properties.Cellulose is commonly used for reinforcement in composites. In this study, a new type of microcellulose, cellulose oxalate (COX), was used to prepare polymeric composites. COX was first hydrophobized by maleated polypropylene (MAPP) or oleic acid to obtain better compatibility with the hydrophobic matrix of polypropylene (PP). It was found that a composite consisting of 60% PP and 40% MAPP-hydrophobized COX had a 16% higher tensile strength and a 106% higher Young’s modulus than neat PP. When oleic acid was used to hydrophobize COX, it was possible to avoid using toxic catalysts to complete the esterification between COX and oleic acid. This fact makes the process environmentally friendly.Similarly, considering environmental protection, natural compounds were used to prepare hydrophobic cellulosic textiles. Betulin, a kind of wood extract and by-product in the forestry industry, was used to modify the wettability of cellulosic textiles. The textiles underwent a dip-dry-cure process from a betulin solution had a static water contact angle (SWCA) of 153°. Textiles coated by a betulin-based film exhibited a water-repellency score of 80 according to a standard test from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC). Betulin-grafted cotton textiles were also prepared, and such textiles showed not only hydrophobic properties (SWCA up to 136°) but also antibacterial properties, with bacterial removal of more than 99%.This thesis proposes that hydrophobized cellulosic materials can be used in various fields, both related and unrelated to waterproof applications. Furthermore, by-products in the forestry industry, such as betulin and oleic acid, are advocated for use because of their biodegradability and value.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2020. p. 53
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2020:36
Keywords
Betulin, Cellulose, Hydrophobicity, Mechanical properties, Polymer-matrix composites, Sustainability, Textile, Betulin, Cellulosa, Hydrofobicitet, Hållbarhet, Mekaniska egenskaper, Polymer-matriskompositer, Textil
National Category
Textile, Rubber and Polymeric Materials
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278204 (URN)978-91-7873-583-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-09-04, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63868851719,, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Note

QC 2020-08-03

Available from: 2020-08-03 Created: 2020-07-09 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved

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Huang, TianxiaoKwan, IsabellaEk, Monica

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Wood Chemistry and Pulp TechnologySchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH)Fibre- and Polymer TechnologyWallenberg Wood Science Center
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Composites. Part A, Applied science and manufacturing
Bio Materials

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