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Carbon Fibers from Lignin-Cellulose Precursors: Effect of Carbonization Conditions
RISE .ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3346-5501
RISE.
RISE.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3858-8324
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2020 (English)In: ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, E-ISSN 2168-0485, Vol. 8, no 17, p. 6826-6833Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Carbon fibers (CFs) are gaining increasing importance in lightweight composites, but their high price and reliance on fossil-based raw materials stress the need for renewable and cost-efficient alternatives. Kraft lignin and cellulose are renewable macromolecules available in high quantities, making them interesting candidates for CF production. Dry-jet wet spun precursor fibers (PFs) from a 70/30 w/w blend of softwood kraft lignin (SKL) and fully bleached softwood kraft pulp (KP) were converted into CFs under fixation. The focus was to investigate the effect of carbonization temperature and time on the CF structure and properties. Reducing the carbonization time from 708 to 24 min had no significant impact on the tensile properties. Increasing the carbonization temperature from 600 to 800 °C resulted in a large increase in the carbon content and tensile properties, suggesting that this is a critical region during carbonization of SKL:KP PFs. The highest Young's modulus (77 GPa) was obtained after carbonization at 1600 °C, explained by the gradual transition from amorphous to nanocrystalline graphite observed by Raman spectroscopy. On the other hand, the highest tensile strength (1050 MPa) was achieved at 1000 °C, a decrease being observed thereafter, which may be explained by an increase in radial heterogeneity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS), 2020. Vol. 8, no 17, p. 6826-6833
Keywords [en]
carbon fiber, carbonization, cellulose, dry-jet wet spinning, fully bleached softwood kraft pulp, softwood kraft lignin
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276403DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c01734ISI: 000530662400027Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85084748026OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-276403DiVA, id: diva2:1438689
Note

QC 20200611

Available from: 2020-06-11 Created: 2020-06-11 Last updated: 2022-11-07Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Biobased carbon fibers from solution spun lignocellulosic precursors
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Biobased carbon fibers from solution spun lignocellulosic precursors
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Carbon fibers (CFs) have excellent mechanical properties and a low density, making themattractive as a reinforcing fiber in composites. The use of CFs is limited to high-end applications,since they are produced from an expensive fossil-based precursor via an energy-intensivemanufacturing process, explaining the need for cheaper CFs from renewables. CFs can be madefrom strong cellulosic precursors, but the low carbon content of cellulose results in a lowconversion yield, and thus an expensive CF. Lignin has a higher carbon content than cellulose butCFs from melt spun lignin precursors have presented challenges, since these precursors have a lowstrength and are difficult to convert to CF in a realistic conversion time.In the present work, CFs from solution spun precursors consisting of blends of softwood kraftlignin and cellulose have been developed. The lignin-cellulose precursors (up to 70% lignin) wereprepared with air-gap spinning and wet spinning, using an ionic liquid and a water-based solventsystem for co-dissolution, respectively. Co-processing of cellulose and lignin was beneficial as theformer made the precursor strong and easy to handle, whereas the latter gave a higher conversionyield than precursors based solely on cellulose. The precursors were converted to CFs via bothbatchwise and continuous conversion, using industrially relevant times (< 2 h), with a yield up to45 wt% after incorporation of a flame retardant.These CFs have a moderate Young’s modulus and tensile strength up to 75–77 GPa and 1.2 GPa,respectively, i.e. similar to the values for CFs from fossil-based isotropic pitch and they can thusbe classified as general-grade CFs. These biobased CFs have a disordered turbostratic graphitestructure, and their tensile properties are affected by the precursor structure, the conversionconditions, and the final diameter. These CFs can potentially be used as a sustainable componentin non-structural and semi-structural applications.

Abstract [sv]

Kolfibrer har utmärkta mekaniska egenskaper och en låg densitet, vilket gör dem attraktiva somstyrkebärande komponent i kompositer. Kolfibrer används främst i applikationer där god prestandaöverväger dess höga kostnad, vilken grundar sig i användandet av en dyr fossilbaserad startfibersom konverteras till kolfiber i en energikrävande process, vilket förklarar behovet av billigarekolfibrer från förnyelsebara råvaror. Kolfibrer kan tillverkas från starka cellulosabaseradestartfibrer, men cellulosans låga kolinnehåll resulterar i ett lågt utbyte, vilket leder till en dyrkolfiber. Lignin har ett högre kolinnehåll och har smältspunnits, men den låga styrkan hosstartfibern samt den långa konverteringstiden är utmanande.I detta arbete har kolfibrer utvecklats från lösningsmedelsspunna startfibrer innehållandeblandningar av barrvedslignin och cellulosa. Startfibrerna, innehållande upp till 70% lignin, harspunnits med luftgapsspinning samt våtspinning, där en jonvätska respektive ett vattenbaseratlösningsmedelssystem använts. Att samprocessa cellulosa och lignin var fördelaktigt eftersom denförstnämnda gjorde startfibrerna starka och lätthanterliga medan den sistnämnda ökadekonverteringsutbytet jämfört med cellulosabaserade startfibrer. Kolfibrer framställdes både satsvisoch kontinuerligt under industriellt relevanta tider (<2 timmar), med ett konverteringsutbyte upptill 45% efter tillsats av ett flamskyddsmedel.Dessa kolfibrer har en relativt låg elasticitetsmodul om 75–77 GPa och dragstyrka om 1.2 GPa,vilket är i paritet med kolfibrer från fossilbaserad isotrop stenkolstjära, vilket gör att de kanklassificeras som kolfibrer av intermediär kvalitet. Kolfibrerna har en oordnad turbostratiskgrafitstruktur, och de mekaniska egenskaperna påverkas av konverteringsbetingelserna,startfiberns struktur samt slutdiametern. Dessa kolfibrer kan potentiellt användas som en hållbarkomponent i icke- samt partiellt-styrkebärande applikationer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 66
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2022:57
Keywords
Carbon fiber, Carbonization, Cellulose, Kraft pulp, Softwood kraft lignin, Solution spinning, Stabilization, Barrvedslignin, Cellulosa, Karbonisering, Kolfiber, Lösningsmedelsspinning, Stabilisering, Sulfatmassa
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology Composite Science and Engineering Materials Chemistry
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-321059 (URN)978-91-8040-407-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-12-02, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Note

QC 2022-11-07

Available from: 2022-11-07 Created: 2022-11-04 Last updated: 2022-11-07Bibliographically approved

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Bengtsson, AndreasEk, Monica

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