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Cross-Scale Water and Land Impacts of Local Climate and Energy Policy—A Local Swedish Analysis of Selected SDG Interactions
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Energy Systems Analysis.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9766-9426
Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9408-4425
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Energy Systems Analysis.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6419-4957
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Energy Systems Analysis.
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2019 (English)In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 11, no 7, p. 1847-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper analyses how local energy and climate actions can affect the use of water and land resources locally, nationally and globally. Each of these resource systems is linked to different Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); we also explore related SDG interactions. A municipality in Sweden with the ambition of phasing out fossil fuels by year 2030 is used as illustrative case example. The local energy system is modelled in detail and indirect water and land requirements are quantified for three stylised decarbonisation scenarios of pathways to meeting climate and energy requirements (related to SDG13 and SDG7, respectively). Total local, national and global implications are addressed for the use of water and land resources, which relate to SDG6 for water, and SDG2 and SDG15 for land use. We find that the magnitude and location of water and land impacts are largely pathway-dependent. Some scenarios of low carbon energy may impede progress on SDG15, while others may compromise SDG6. Data for the studied resource uses are incoherently reported and have important gaps. As a consequence, the study results are indicative and subject to uncertainty. Still, they highlight the need to recognise that resource use changes targeting one SDG in one locality have local and non-local impacts that may compromise progress other SDGs locally and/or elsewhere in the world.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG , 2019. Vol. 11, no 7, p. 1847-
Keywords [en]
climate-land-water-energy nexus; cross-scale SDG interactions; local climate policy; decarbonisation pathways
National Category
Energy Systems Environmental Management Physical Geography
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276435DOI: 10.3390/su11071847ISI: 000466551600024Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85064055285OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-276435DiVA, id: diva2:1439094
Note

QC 20200818

Available from: 2020-06-11 Created: 2020-06-11 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Exploring cross-resource impacts of urban sustainability measures: an urban climate-land-energy-water nexus analysis
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring cross-resource impacts of urban sustainability measures: an urban climate-land-energy-water nexus analysis
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In an increasingly urban world, cities' global resource uses grow. Two fundamental resources for making cities liveable are water and energy. These resources are also closely interlinked – systems that convert and deliver energy to cities require water, and urban water systems use energy. In addition, these two resource systems affect and are affected by land use and climate change. This ‘nexus’ between climate, land use, energy and water (CLEW) systems has been extensively studied in the past decade, mainly with a focus on national and transboundary CLEW systems. This doctoral thesis develops the CLEW nexus research from an urban perspective.

Two quantitative analyses examine how different types of sustainability measures in cities affect intended and unintended CLEW systems. First, the CLEW impacts of a set of sustainability measures in New York City are assessed - from water conservation to emission reductions. Results show that every measure affects (to varying degrees) all studied sustainability dimensions - water, energy and climate - and that the impacts can be quantified through a reference-resource-to-service-system (RRSS).

The second quantitative study focuses on how CLEW impacts from a city's sustainability efforts spread beyond local and international borders. It investigates how global water and land use are affected in alternative scenarios to achieve climate neutrality in 2030 in the town of Oskarshamn, Sweden, using an energy systems simulation model. The study finds that both the magnitude and the geographical distribution of land and water requirements vary between scenarios. A strategy to achieve climate neutrality that invests in electrification leads to increased national water use, while a strategy that relies on biofuels has a greater impact on water and land use internationally. When results are translated to interactions between the UN's sustainable development goals (SDGs), they reveal that SDG synergies and trade-offs are 'strategy-dependent': different options for achieving SDGs on energy, sustainable cities and climate action have varying consequences for the advancement of SDGs on sustainable water, food production and biodiversity.

To shed light on how data challenges affect quantitative urban nexus studies, uncertainty assessments of selected thesis’ results are conducted and complemented with a thematic analysis of a set of recently published urban nexus papers. Together, they indicate that analytical choices, uncertainties in results and - as a consequence - research foci are influenced by data limitations in both this thesis and in other urban nexus studies.

Lastly, the finding from the Oskarshamn analysis – that SDG interactions are strategy-dependent – is deliberated with experts within sustainability sciences and SDG interaction research. From this, a research agenda is proposed with measures to make SDG 'spillovers' visible in local level decision-making.

Taken together, the thesis contributes to filling several knowledge gaps on how urban sustainability measures within the CLEW systems interact within and beyond city limits, and proposes analytical approaches to quantify these interactions. It further points out how current data challenges constrain quantitative urban nexus analyses and highlights research needs to improve data management as well as other key efforts to enable consideration of nexus interactions, including SDG 'spillovers', in cities' sustainability work.

Abstract [sv]

I takt med att världen urbaniseras ökar städers globalaresursanvändning. Två fundamentala resurser för att städer skafungera är vatten och energi. Dessa resurser är också närasammankopplade: system som omvandlar och levererar energi till enstad är beroende av vatten, samtidigt som energi krävs i flera delar avurbana vattensystem. Dessutom påverkar och påverkas bådaresurserna av markanvändning och klimatförändringar. Detta ’nexus’mellan klimat-, mark-, energi- och vatten- (från engelskan förkortatCLEW) system har studerats flitigt under det senaste decenniet, främstmed fokus på nationella och gränsöverskridande CLEW system. Dennaavhandling utvecklar CLEW nexus-forskningen från ett urbantperspektiv.

I två kvantitativa analyser undersöks hur olika typer avhållbarhetsåtgärder i städer påverkar avsedda och oavsiktliga CLEWsystem. Först analyseras effekten av ett antal hållbarhetsåtgärder i NewYork City – från vattenbesparingar till utsläppsminskningar.Resultaten visar att samtliga åtgärder är ’multifunktionella’ ochpåverkar (i varierande grad) alla studerade hållbarhetsdimensioner –vatten, energi och klimat - samt att detta går att kvantifiera med hjälpav ett referens-resurs-till-service-system (RRSS).

Den andra kvantitativa studien fokuserar på hur CLEW interaktionerfrån en stads hållbarhetsåtgärder sprids bortom lokala ochinternationella gränser. Här undersöks hur globala vatten- ochmarkresurser påverkas i olika scenarier för att nå klimatneutralitet år2030 i den lilla staden Oskarshamn, Sverige, med en energimodell avstaden. Resultaten visar på att både storleken och den geografiskaspridningen på den indirekta mark- och vattenanvändningen varierarmellan scenarierna. En strategi för att nå klimatneutralitet som satsarpå elektrifiering leder till ökade nationella vattenbehov, medan enstrategi som förlitar sig på biobränslen får större påverkan på vattenochmarkresurser internationellt. När resultaten översätts tillinteraktioner mellan FNs hållbarhetsmål (SDGs) visar de därför att målsynergier och målkonflikter är ’strategiberoende’. Olika vägval föratt nå SDGs för energi, hållbara städer och klimatåtgärder fårvarierande konsekvenser för möjligheten att nå SDGs för hållbarvattenanvändning, matproduktion och biologisk mångfald.

För att belysa hur databegränsningar påverkar urbana nexus-studiergenomförs dels osäkerhetsanalyser av delar av avhandlingenskvantitativa studier och dels en tematisk analys av ett urval av nyligenpublicerade ’urban nexus’-artiklar. Tillsammans visar de på att bådemetodval, osäkerhet i resultat och (som en konsekvens av detta) forskningsfokus påverkas av identifierade datautmaningar i bådedenna avhandling och i andra urbana nexus-studier.

Implikationer från resultatet i Oskarshamnsanalysen – att städers SDGinteraktioner är ’strategiberoende’ – diskuteras slutligen medframträdande forskare inom global hållbarhet och SDG-interaktioner.Utifrån detta formuleras en forskningsagenda med åtgärder för attmöjliggöra att SDG ’spillovers’ beaktas i lokala hållbarhetsbeslut.

Sammantaget bidrar avhandlingen till att fylla kunskapsluckor om hurstäders hållbarhetsåtgärder inom CLEW systemen interagerar, inomoch bortom stadsgränserna, samt föreslår analysmetoder för attkvantifiera dessa interaktioner. Avhandlingen visar på hurnexusanalyser med fokus på städer begränsas av datautmaningar ochlyfter forskningsbehov för att förbättra datahantering och andrakritiska forskningsinsatser för att möjliggöra att hänsyn tas till nexusinteraktioner,inklusive SDG ’spillovers’, i städers hållbarhetsarbete.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 142
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2022:6
Keywords
urban sustainability, CLEW nexus, water-energy nexus, nature-based solutions, SDG spillovers
National Category
Energy Systems Environmental Management Environmental Sciences Physical Geography Other Environmental Engineering
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-310616 (URN)978-91-8040-168-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-04-29, Kollegiesalen / https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_5HVBOFOTTQOIGWBgZxHzOg, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
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Available from: 2022-04-06 Created: 2022-04-06 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved

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