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Macro- and microstructural evolution during drying of regenerated cellulose beads
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Fibre Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0974-9638
Forschungszentrum Julich, Julich Ctr Neutron Scattering & Biol Matter JCNS, D-52425 Julich, Germany..
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Fibre Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1926-2193
Forschungszentrum Julich, Julich Ctr Neutron Scattering & Biol Matter JCNS, D-52425 Julich, Germany..
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2020 (English)In: ACS Nano, ISSN 1936-0851, E-ISSN 1936-086X, Vol. 14, no 6, p. 6774-6784Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The macro- and microstructural evolution of water swollen and ethanol swollen regenerated cellulose gel beads have been determined during drying by optical microscopy combined with analytical balance measurements, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Two characteristic length scales, which are related to the molecular dimension of cellulose monomer and elongated aggregates of these monomers, could be identified for both types of beads by SAXS. For ethanol swollen beads, only small changes to the structures were detected in both the SAXS and WAXS measurements during the entire drying process. However, the drying of cellulose from water follows a more complex process when compared to drying from ethanol. As water swollen beads dried, they went through a structural transition where elongated structures changed to spherical structures and their dimensions increased from 3.6 to 13.5 nm. After complete drying from water, the nanostructures were characterized as a combination of rodlike structures with an approximate size of cellulose monomers (0.5 nm), and spherical aggregates (13.5 nm) without any indication of heterogeneous meso- or microporosity. In addition, WAXS shows that cellulose II hydrate structure appears and transforms to cellulose II during water evaporation, however it is not possible to determine the degree of crystallinity of the beads from the present measurements. This work sheds lights on the structural changes that occur within regenerated cellulose materials during drying and can aid in the design and application of cellulosic materials as fibers, adhesives, and membranes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS) , 2020. Vol. 14, no 6, p. 6774-6784
Keywords [en]
cellulose, gel bead, drying structural evolution, X-ray scattering
National Category
Polymer Technologies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278617DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00171ISI: 000543744100036PubMedID: 32383585Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85085690637OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-278617DiVA, id: diva2:1455870
Note

QC 20200729

Available from: 2020-07-29 Created: 2020-07-29 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Use of Cellulose for the Preparation of Capsules and Beads with Molecularly Tailored Properties
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Use of Cellulose for the Preparation of Capsules and Beads with Molecularly Tailored Properties
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The continuously increasing global production of petroleum-based polymers to meet the ever growing demand for plastics for use in a multitude of industrial sectors (e.g. packaging and textiles) has an impact on human health, climate change and the entire ecosystem. Therefore, there is a need to develop truly biodegradable, high-performance materials from renewable resources that can replace conventional plastics. These environmentally friendly alternative materials must possess similar properties to the materials they are replacing. The excellent mechanical properties, good chemical stability and straightforward functionalization of cellulose makes it an excellent candidate raw material that can initiate a transition away from petroleum-based plastics and toward more sustainable future.

This thesis investigates the use of native and partially modified cellulose for the preparation of hollow or liquid-filled capsules and solid beads with unique and well-controlled structural and mechanical properties. The shaping of materials was made possible by the dissolution of cellulose in a suitable solvent, followed by its regeneration. Two different methods for preparing these cellulose-based materials are proposed: a solution–solidification method that creates millimeter-sized hollow capsules and solid beads, and an emulsification-solvent-evaporation method that results in the formation of micrometer scale liquid-filled capsules. The partial conversion of cellulose to dialcohol cellulose and cellulose acetate introduced flexibility and thermoplastic features to the cellulose materials. This resulted in the formation of stimuli-responsive capsules with properties suitable for different industrial applications; for example, in the production of next-generation lightweight materials. The hollow dialcohol-modified cellulose capsules exhibit a tendency, when wet, to expand to almost double their volume when exposed to a decreased external pressure, whereas the dry liquid-filled cellulose acetate capsules show a thermal expansion up to 60 times their original volume. Apart from the chemical modifications, the work discusses a method of altering the properties of cellulose beads by inclusion of cellulose nanocrystals, creating an all-cellulose composite material.

The thesis also includes model studies focused on a better understanding of the evolution of the internal structure of regenerated cellulose beads during drying from different solvents. A combination of small-angle X-ray scattering, wide-angle X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy indentation techniques allowed the monitoring of the macro- and micro-scale structural changes taking place within the beads, as well as a continuous evaluation of the mechanical properties of beads upon solvent evaporation. This work provides a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms and molecular interactions characteristic of the drying of cellulosic materials.

Abstract [sv]

Den ständigt ökande världsproduktionen av fossilbaserade polymerer och syntetiska plaster i olika industrisektorer (t.ex. förpackningar, textilier) har en enorm inverkan på människors hälsa, klimatförändringar och hela vårt ekosystem. Därför finns det en stor drivkraft att utveckla verkligt biologiskt nedbrytbara högpresterande material från förnyelsebara råvaror som kan fungera som en bra ersättning av syntetisk plast vilket innebär att de också måste ha liknande egenskaper för att vara trovärdiga. Utmärkta mekaniska egenskaper, god kemisk stabilitet, goda kemiska funktionaliseringsmöjligheter och enorm årlig produktion innebär att cellulosa är en utmärkt kandidat som råvara som, åtminstone, kan vara en lämplig förnyelsebar råvara för omställningen mot en mer hållbar framtid.

Arbetet i denna avhandling undersöker användningen av nativ och delvis modifierad cellulosa för framställning av sfäriska material i form av ihåliga eller vätskefyllda kapslar och fasta sfärer med unika och välkontrollerade strukturella och mekaniska egenskaper. Genom att lösa upp cellulosan i ett lämpligt lösningsmedel och att regenerera cellulosan var det möjligt att framställa såväl kapslar som solida sfärer genom att optimera utfällningsförfarandet. Två olika metoder utvecklades för att tillverka ihåliga kapslar: en lösningstelningsmetod som resulterar i millimeterstora, ihåliga kapslar och fasta sfärer, och en emulgeringlösningsmedel-avdunstningsmetod som underlättar bildandet av mikrometerstora vätskefyllda kapslar. En partiell derivatisering av cellulosan till dialkoholcellulosa och cellulosaacetat introducerade molekylär flexibilitet och termoplastiska egenskaper hos cellulosamaterialet. Detta i sin tur resulterade i bildandet av stimuli-känsliga cellulosakapslar med egenskaper som lämpar sig väl för olika industriella tillämpningar, till exempel vid produktion av nya generationers lättviktsmaterial. De våta, ihåliga dialkoholmodifierade cellulosakapslarna visar en volymexpansion till den dubbla volymen när de utsätts för ett minskat yttre tryck, medan de torra vätskefyllda cellulosaacetatkapslarna visar en termisk expansion på upp till 60 gånger sin ursprungliga volym. Bortsett från de kemiska modifieringarna så visar arbetet med de solida cellulosasfärerna att det är möjligt att skapa kompositer mellan regenererad cellulosa och cellulosananokristaller (CNC) för att skapa 100 % cellulosabaserade kompositer.

Avhandlingen inkluderar också modellstudier som var fokuserade på att skapa en bättre förståelse av utvecklingen av den inre strukturen hos regenererade cellulosakulor under torkning från olika lösningsmedel. En kombination av SAXS/WAXS och AFM indentering gjorde det möjligt att identifiera de makro- och mikrostrukturella förändringarna som uppträder inuti de solida sfärerna och för att kontinuerligt kunna utvärdera sfärernas mekaniska egenskaper vid lösningsmedelsavdunstningen. Denna del av arbetet ger en grundläggande förståelse för de mekanismer och molekylära interaktioner som är karakteristiska för processen för torkning av cellulosarika material.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 65
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2022:19
Keywords
regenerated cellulose, partially modified cellulose, capsules, beads
National Category
Materials Chemistry
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-309739 (URN)978-91-8040-156-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-04-08, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20220315

Available from: 2022-03-15 Created: 2022-03-11 Last updated: 2023-04-08Bibliographically approved

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Li, HailongMystek, KatarzynaPettersson, TorbjörnWågberg, Lars

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