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Engaging in green logistics: An eye on shippers, logistics service providers, and their interactions
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Industrial Economics and Management (Dept.). University of Gävle, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0582-8942
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The logistics and transport industry places a heavy load on the environment, causing various harms such as air pollution, global warming and resource depletion. The logistics and supply chain management literature assigns the largest share of responsibility for alleviating such harms to two supply chain actors: shippers (i.e., logistics buyers) and logistics service providers (LSPs), which motivated focusing on them in this thesis. Specifically, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate the engagements of shippers and LSPs in different green logistics practices (GLPs) throughout the logistics purchasing process, and to propose improvements for such engagements by their interactions.

Three research questions drive this investigation. The first question handles comparing the drivers (i.e., institutional pressures) for shippers to purchase GLPs and for LSPs to provide them—to reveal how this ‘one-tier network’ is driven as a whole. The second question aims to describe how shippers and LSPs engage in the different GLPs throughout the logistics purchasing process (across its four phases: request for proposal, negotiations, contracting and execution) and why such engagement takes place as it does. The third question aims to propose improvements for shippers’ and LSPs’ engagements in the different GLPs throughout the process—by enacting different degrees of interactions (cooperation vs. collaboration). A methodological triangulation approach is used to answer these questions, based on five papers that are extracted from three studies: a single case (shipper-LSP dyad), a multiple case (3 shippers, 5 LSPs) and a survey (169 shippers, 162 LSPs).

The findings reveal a lack of direct regulatory, market and competitive pressures on shippers to purchase GLPs. These are compared to existing (yet insufficient) regulatory pressure, effective market pressure and emergent competitive pressure on LSPs to provide GLPs. The findings also reveal gaps between the actors’ purchasing-providing engagements in GLPs across the purchasing process, which followed three patterns: steady & wide, steady & narrow and emergent. Distinct GLPs are associated with each pattern, and detailed explanations are presented for these associations based on the characteristics of each GLP . Further, the findings propose paths to improve the actors’ engagements in GLPs across the process, based on the gap pattern for each GLP and the degrees of shipper-LSP interactions required for it (cooperation vs. collaboration).

This thesis contributes to the body of knowledge through systematically incorporating a trilateral actor-, phase- and GLP-specific distinction into the green logistics purchasing discussion. Also, it transcends the descriptive (and general) level of analysis of shippers’ and LSPs’ green engagements during the logistics purchasing process, by: (i) explaining why such engagements occur as they do and (ii) providing recommendations that could actually improve these engagements. Insights are offered to managers at shipper/LSP firms to assist them in modifying their purchasing/marketing strategies throughout the purchasing process with respect to specifically targeted GLPs. Insights are also offered to policymakers to set suitable regulations on both actors to support ‘greening’ logistics networks.

Abstract [sv]

Logistik- och transportbranschen belastar miljön genom luftföroreningar, global uppvärmning och utarmning av resurser. I litteraturen inom logistik och supply chain management betonas de centrala aktörerna inom försörjningskedjan, logistikinköpares och logistikleverantörers, ansvar för detta, vilket gör det motiverat att belysa dessa aktörer i denna avhandling. Avhandlingens syfte är att undersöka dessa två aktörers engagemang i olika gröna logistiktillämpningar (GLPs) under logistikinköpsprocessen, samt att föreslå förbättringar för dessa tillämpningar genom att fokusera på aktörernas interaktioner. Avhandlingens syfte är att undersöka hur dessa två aktörer intresserar sig för olika gröna logistiklösningar (GLPs) under inköpsprocessen, samt att föreslå förbättringar för hur dessa lösningar hanteras genom att fokusera på aktörernas interaktion.

 

För att uppfylla avhandlingens syfte formulerades tre forskningsfrågor. Den första frågan jämför logistikinköpares och logistikleverantörers drivkrafter (institutionellt tryck) att implementera GLPs, i syfte att visa vad som formar logistiknätverket som helhet. Den andra frågan består av att förklara hur olika GLPs hanteras av dessa två aktörer under logistikinköpsprocessens fyra faser: offertförfrågan, förhandlingar, kontraktskrivande och genomförande. Den tredje frågan syftar till att bidra med förbättringsförslag för logistiksinköpares och logistiksleverantörers hantering av olika GLPs - genom att föreslå olika nivåer av interaktion (samarbete eller samverkan). En metodologisk trianguleringsmetod används för att besvara dessa frågor, genom fem artiklar som grundar sig på tre studier; en fallstudie (1 logistikinköpare och dess logistikleverantör), en multipel fallstudie (3 logistiskinköpare, 5 logistikleverantörer) och en enkät (169 logistikinköpare, 162 logistikleverantörer).

 

Resultaten visar en brist på direkt regulatoriskt, marknadsmässigt och konkurrensmässigt tryck för logistikinköpare att köpa GLPs. När det gäller logistikleverantörer och GLPs, finns det ett effektivt tryck från marknaden samt ökande tryck från konkurrensen, medan det regulatoriska trycket är reellt men otillräckligt. Resultaten visar även tre mönster gällande skillnader mellan inköpares respektive leverantörers  intresse för olika GLPs under logistikinköpsprocessen: (i) stadiga och breda, (ii) stadiga och smala samt (iii) ökande skillnader. Förklaringar baserade på varje GLPs egenskaper presenteras, därefter ges förslag för att förbättra aktörernas hantering av GLPs under inköpsprocessen. Dessa förslag baseras på de observerade mönstren samt graden av interaktion (samarbete eller samverkan) som krävs mellan aktörerna.

 

Denna avhandling bidrar till ökad kunskap om grön logistik genom att systematiskt tydliggöra skillnader mellan aktörer, inköpsprocessens faser och GLPs. Avhandlingen utvecklar den aktuella beskrivande (och generella) analysnivån av logistikaktörernas hantering av den gröna inköpsprocessen genom att: (i) förklara varför hanteringen sker på detta sätt och (ii) föreslå rekommendationer som kan leda till förbättringar. Avhandlingen kan hjälpa chefer inom logistik och inköp att anpassa sina inköps-/marknadsföringsstrategier under logistikinköpsprocessen för varje GLP.  Den kan också hjälpa politiska beslutsfattare att utforma lämpliga regler för både inköpare och leverantörer av logistiktjänster, med syfte att bidra till ett grönare logistiknätverk.

 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2020. , p. 150
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2020:37
Keywords [en]
Interactions, logistics relationships, LSP, GSCM, logistics buyer, environmental sustainability, third-party logistics, Sweden
National Category
Economics and Business
Research subject
Industrial Economics and Management
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280683ISBN: 978-91-7873-625-6 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-280683DiVA, id: diva2:1465799
Public defence
2020-10-02, Kollegiesalen, Brinnelvägen 8/ https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_8VtPaUrLSY-plWS_oGUoIQ, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-09-11 Created: 2020-09-10 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Improving logistics performance in cross-border 3PL relationships
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Improving logistics performance in cross-border 3PL relationships
2017 (English)In: International Journal of Logistics, ISSN 1367-5567, E-ISSN 1469-848X, Vol. 20, no 5, p. 491-513Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper proposes guidelines for improving logistics performance in terms of cost efficiency and on-time delivery in shipper–third-party logistics (3PL) provider relationships within an offshore outsourcing context. A conceptual framework is constructed based on a thorough literature review. Empirical data are collected through semi-structured interviews in a single-case study with a dyadic perspective, examining the 3PL relationship between Ericsson of Sweden and Aramex of Saudi Arabia. Accordingly, a revised framework is proposed after illustrating the case and merging the literature with practice. The findings highlight the impact of communication, trust, culture, system compliance, work agreements, and standardisation on cost efficiency and on-time delivery performance. The developed framework illustrates a sequential order for working on these factors to achieve performance improvement. This research is one of the first to propose guidelines for performance improvements within offshore outsourcing of 3PL services.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis Group, 2017
Keywords
Third-party logistics, offshore outsourcing, logistics performance, 3PL relationships
National Category
Economics and Business
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-222490 (URN)10.1080/13675567.2017.1306036 (DOI)000406507800006 ()2-s2.0-85016135143 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20180214

Available from: 2018-02-12 Created: 2018-02-12 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
2. Analysing the institutional pressures on shippers and logistics service providers to implement green supply chain management practices
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analysing the institutional pressures on shippers and logistics service providers to implement green supply chain management practices
2020 (English)In: International Journal of Logistics, ISSN 1367-5567, E-ISSN 1469-848X, Vol. 23, no 1, p. 44-84Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper applies institutional theory to analyse the institutional pressures (regulatory, market, competitive) experienced by two actors within supply chains: shippers (i.e. logistics buyers) and logistics service providers (LSPs). Both actors are subject to institutional pressures to adopt green supply chain management practices, which could drive shippers to purchase green logistics services from LSPs, and LSPs to provide them. Also, the two actors are influenced by various factors that moderate the level of pressures on them and the responses they undertake. This study examines these pressures and moderators in detail to analyse how they influence green logistics purchasing/providing decisions. Empirical data were obtained from eight individual cases of three shippers and five LSPs. Accordingly, we compare these pressures and moderators based on the actors’ different roles in the supply chain. The findings aim to contribute to advancing the theory through (i) incorporating the roles of the moderating factors and (ii) providing further applications within specific shipper-LSP contexts. Further, this paper aims to assist managers within shipper and LSP organisations by demonstrating how their firm and market characteristics moderate the pressures exerted on them to buy or provide green logistics services, while providing insights on issues influencing their responsiveness.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis Group, 2020
National Category
Economics and Business
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-222489 (URN)10.1080/13675567.2019.1584163 (DOI)000508870300003 ()2-s2.0-85062345949 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20200910

Available from: 2018-02-12 Created: 2018-02-12 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
3. Aligning the purchase of green logistics practices between shippers and logistics service providers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Aligning the purchase of green logistics practices between shippers and logistics service providers
2020 (English)In: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, ISSN 1361-9209, E-ISSN 1879-2340, Vol. 82, p. 1-24, article id 102305Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper explores shippers’ (i.e. logistics buyers) and logistics service providers’ (LSPs) perceptions of green concerns under diverse contractual settings during the key phases of the logistics purchasing process: request for proposal, negotiations, contracting and execution. Accordingly, it derives recommendations that could increase the actors’ inter- and- intra-organisational alignment on green targets throughout these phases. Empirical data are obtained from eight individual cases of three shippers and five LSPs, representing the buyer/seller roles within logistics arrangements. Contrary to previous literature holding the view that setting more green demands by shippers would guarantee green outcomes, the findings show that shippers’ green demands may hinder green logistics applications due to impediments to LSPs’ asset-sharing strategies. Also, a deadlock situation is revealed in the negotiations phase, where both actors await each other to introduce additional demands/offers—calling for further regulatory intervention to release this deadlock. Moreover, this paper shows how a mismatch of interests in contractual periods between shippers and LSPs can obstruct green investments—signalling that the green criterion is not the decisive factor in shaping shippers’ outsourcing strategies. The findings also stress a lack of follow-up efforts by shippers on green measures that were specified pre-contract, attributing this to contrasting intra-organisational objectives within shippers’ firms. This paper contributes to the green logistics purchasing literature by revealing how different contractual settings play an important role in shaping shippers’/LSPs’ perceptions of green concerns during the logistics purchasing process. Further, it is one of the first studies to provide phase-specific recommendations to increase the actors’ alignment on green targets.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020
Keywords
Logistics purchasing, LSP, environmental sustainability, case study, contractual settings, logistics buyers, transport, green supply chain management
National Category
Economics and Business
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-222491 (URN)10.1016/j.trd.2020.102305 (DOI)000530686800009 ()2-s2.0-85082747508 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20200923

Available from: 2018-02-12 Created: 2018-02-12 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
4. Measuring the gaps between shippers and logistics service providers on green logistics throughout the logistics purchasing process
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Measuring the gaps between shippers and logistics service providers on green logistics throughout the logistics purchasing process
2021 (English)In: International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, ISSN 0960-0035, E-ISSN 1758-664X, Vol. 51, no 1, p. 25-47Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to measure the gaps between the engagements of shippers (i.e. logistics buyers) and logistics service providers (LSPs) in different green logistics practices (GLPs) throughout the key phases of the logistics purchasing process: request for proposal, negotiations, contracting and execution.

Design/methodology/approach – A large-scale survey of shippers and LSPs in Sweden was conducted. Respondents were 331 firms (169 shippers, 162 LSPs). Mean values of the actors’ perceptions were analysed using independent- and paired sample t-tests.

Findings – While this study supports previous research indicating that LSPs engage more extensively in selling GLPs than shippers do in buying them, it shows that this conclusion does not uniformly apply to all GLPs nor all purchasing phases. Three patterns emerged for the gaps between the actors’ buying-selling engagements throughout the purchasing process: (1) steady and wide gaps, (2) steady and narrow gaps and (3) emergent gaps. Distinct GLPs were associated with each pattern. It is also shown that the prioritisation of GLPs is fairly aligned between shippers and LSPs.

Research limitations/implications – This study contributes to the green logistics purchasing literature by systematically and simultaneously creating three types of distinction, between (1) shippers and LSPs, (2) different GLPs and (3) different logistics purchasing phases. Future studies could replicate the analysis in countries other than Sweden.

Practical implications – Managers of shipper/LSP firms learn tips to spot the GLPs that their partners prioritise, enabling them to modify their purchasing/marketing strategies accordingly.

Originality/value – The three types of distinction represent a novel approach in the green logistics purchasing literature.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Emerald, 2021
Keywords
Environmental sustainability, Logistics buyer, LSP, Procurement, Third-party logistics, Transport, Sweden, Survey
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics Business Administration
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280681 (URN)10.1108/IJPDLM-08-2019-0237 (DOI)000563572500001 ()2-s2.0-85089577721 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250313

Available from: 2020-09-10 Created: 2020-09-10 Last updated: 2025-03-13Bibliographically approved
5. Do relationships matter? Collaboration between shippers and logistics service providers for green logistics
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Do relationships matter? Collaboration between shippers and logistics service providers for green logistics
2020 (English)In: Article in journal (Refereed) Submitted
National Category
Economics and Business
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280682 (URN)
Note

QC 20200923

Available from: 2020-09-10 Created: 2020-09-10 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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