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Hydrobatics: Efficient and Agile Underwater Robots
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5839-5573
2020 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Hydrobatik: Effektiva och Smidiga Undervattensroboter (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

The term hydrobatics refers to the agile maneuvering of underwater vehicles. Hydrobatic capabilities in autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) can enable increased maneuverability without a sacrifice in efficiency and speed. This means innovative robot designs and new use case scenarios are possible. Benefits and technical challenges related to hydrobatic AUVs are explored in this thesis. The dissertation contributes to new knowledge in simulation, control and field applications, and provides a structured approach to realize hydrobatic capabilities in real world impact areas.

Three impact areas are considered - environmental monitoring, ocean production and security. A combination of agility in maneuvering and efficiency in performance is crucial for successful AUV applications. To achieve such performance, two technical challenges must be solved. First, these AUVs have fewer control inputs than degrees of freedom, which leads to the challenge of underactuation. The challenge is described in detail and solution strategies that use optimal control and model predictive control (MPC) are highlighted. Second, the flow around an AUV during hydrobatic maneuvers transitions from laminar to turbulent flow at high angles of attack. This renders flight dynamics modelling difficult. A full 0-360 degree envelope flight dynamics model is therefore derived, which combines a multi-fidelity hydrodynamic database with a generalized component-buildup approach. Such a model enables real-time (or near real-time) simulations of hydrobatic maneuvers including loops, helices and tight turns.

Next, a cyber-physical system (CPS) is presented -- it safely transforms capabilities derived in simulation to real-world use cases in the impact areas described. The simulator environment is closely integrated with the robotic system, enabling pre-validation of controllers and software before hardware deployment. The small and hydrobatic SAM AUV (developed in-house at KTH as part of the Swedish Maritime Robotics Center) is used as a test platform. The CPS concept is validated by using the SAM AUV for the search and detection of a submerged target in field operating conditions.

Current research focuses on further exploring underactuated control and motion planning. This includes development of real-time nonlinear MPC implementations running on AUV hardware, as well as intelligent control through feedback motion planning, system identification and reinforcement learning. Such strategies can enable real-time robust and adaptive control of underactuated systems. These ideas will be applied to demonstrate new capabilities in the three impact areas.

Abstract [sv]

Termen hydrobatik avser förmåga att utföra avancerade manövrer med undervattensfarkoster. Syftet är att, med bibehållen fart och räckvidd, utvigda den operationella förmågan i manövrering, vilket möjliggör helt nya användningsområden för maximering av kostnadseffektivitet. I denna avhandling undersöks fördelar och tekniska utmaningar relaterade till hydrobatik som tillämpas på undervattensrobotar, vanligen kallade autonoma undervattensfarkoster (AUV). Avhandlingen bidrar till ny kunskap i simulering, reglering samt tillämpning i experiment av dessa robotar genom en strukturerad metod för att realisera hydrobatisk förmåga i realistiska scenarier. 

Tre nyttoområden beaktas - miljöövervakning, havsproduktion och säkerhet. Inom dessa nyttoområden har ett antal scenarios identifierats där en kombination av smidighet i manövrerbarhet samt effektivitet i prestanda är avgörande för robotens förmåga att utföra sin uppgift. För att åstadkomma detta måste två viktiga tekniska utmaningar lösas. För det första har dessa AUVer färre styrytor/trustrar än frihetsgrader, vilket leder till utmaningen med underaktuering. Utmaningen beskrivs i detalj och lösningsstrategier som använder optimal kontroll och modellprediktiv kontroll belyses. För det andra är flödet runt en AUV som genomför hydrobatiska manövrar komplext med övergång från laminär till stark turbulent flöde vid höga anfallsvinklar. Detta gör flygdynamikmodellering svår. En full 0-360 graders flygdynamikmodell härleds därför, vilken kombinerar en multi-tillförlitlighets hydrodynamisk databas med en generaliserad strategi för komponentvis-superpositionering av laster. Detta möjliggör prediktering av hydrobatiska manövrar som t.ex. utförande av looping, roll, spiraler och väldigt snäva svängradier i realtids- eller nära realtids-simuleringar.

I nästa steg presenteras ett cyber-fysikaliskt system (CPS) – där funktionalitet som härrör från simuleringar kan överföras till de verkliga användningsområdena på ett effektivt och säkert sätt. Simulatormiljön är nära integrerad i robot-miljön, vilket möjliggör förvalidering av reglerstrategier och mjukvara innan hårdvaruimplementering. En egenutvecklad hydrobatisk AUV (SAM) används som testplattform. CPS-konceptet valideras med hjälp av SAM i ett realistiskt sceanrio genom att utföra ett sökuppdrag av ett nedsänkt föremål under fältförhållanden.

Resultaten av arbetet i denna licentiatavhandling kommer att användas i den fortsatta forskningen som fokuserar på att ytterligare undersöka och utveckla ny metodik för reglering av underaktuerade AUVer. Detta inkluderar utveckling av realtidskapabla ickelinjära MPC-implementeringar som körs ombord, samt AI-baserade reglerstrategier genom ruttplaneringsåterkoppling, autonom systemidentifiering och förstärkningsinlärning. Sådan utveckling kommer att tillämpas för att visa nya möjligheter inom de tre nyttoområdena.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2020. , p. 59
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2020:44
Keywords [en]
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, Modeling, Simulation, Control, Field Testing, Cyber-physical Systems.
Keywords [sv]
Autonoma Undervattensfarkoster (AUV), Modellering, Simulering, Reglerteknik, Fältprovning, Cyber-fysikaliska System(CPS).
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286062ISBN: 978-91-7873-721-5 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-286062DiVA, id: diva2:1502112
Presentation
2020-12-14, Live-streaming via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_1iUGn5KkSJ-H0pCe1ZQLSA, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
SMaRC
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research Available from: 2020-11-19 Created: 2020-11-19 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Hydrobatics: A Review of Trends, Challenges and Opportunities for Efficient and Agile Underactuated AUVs
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hydrobatics: A Review of Trends, Challenges and Opportunities for Efficient and Agile Underactuated AUVs
2018 (English)In: AUV 2018 - 2018 IEEE/OES Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Workshop, Proceedings, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2018Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Hydrobatics refers to agile maneuvering of under-water vehicles just like aerobatics represents agile maneuvering of aerial vehicles. Performance trade-offs between flight and hover style autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) means that either maneuverability or range is compromised. Hydrobatic capabilities in flight style AUVs can bridge this gap and lead to more efficient and agile vehicles; thereby encouraging disruptive designs. As this is a relatively new area of research with very limited published research work, the focus of this paper is to present a multidisciplinary literature review to provide a path forward for further research. Relevant impact areas in ocean production, environmental sensing and security are discussed. Technical challenges are described in underactuated control and flight dynamics modeling. Synergies and opportunities are explored with aerospace engineering, robotics and artificial intelligence. As a part of this study, a simulation and verification framework is suggested and ongoing work is presented.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018
Keywords
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, Docking, Flight Control, Flight Dynamics, Hydrobatics, Intelligent Control, Perception, Swarms, System Identification, Underactuated Robotics, Antennas, Autonomous vehicles, Bridges, Economic and social effects, Engineering research, Identification (control systems), Maneuverability, Robotics, Sensory perception, Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), Environmental sensing, Multidisciplinary literature reviews, Underactuated, Verification framework
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-262398 (URN)10.1109/AUV.2018.8729805 (DOI)000492901600103 ()2-s2.0-85068345211 (Scopus ID)9781728102535 (ISBN)
Conference
2018 IEEE/OES Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Workshop, AUV 2018, 6-9 November 2018, Porto, Portugal
Note

QC 20191024

Available from: 2019-10-24 Created: 2019-10-24 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved
2. Real-time flight simulation of hydrobatic AUVs over the full 0 to 360 degree envelope
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Real-time flight simulation of hydrobatic AUVs over the full 0 to 360 degree envelope
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Hydrobatic AUVs are very agile, and can perform challenging maneuvers that encompass the full 0-360° flight envelope. Such AUVs can be beneficial in novel use cases in ocean production, environmental sensing and security, by enabling new capabilities for docking, inspection or under-ice operations. In order to further explore their capabilities in such scenarios, it is crucial to be able to model their flight dynamics over the full envelope, which includes strong nonlinear effects and turbulence at high angles of attack. With accurate and efficient simulation models, new hydrobatic maneuvers can be generated and control strategies can be developed. This paper therefore contributes with a strategy to perform efficient and accurate simulations of hydrobatic maneuvers in real-time. A multi-fidelity hydrodynamic database is synthesized by combining analytical, semi-empirical and numerical methods, thereby capturing fluid forces and moments over the full envelope. A component buildup workflow is used to assemble a nonlinear flight dynamics model using look-up tables generated from the database. This simulation model is used to perform real-time simulations of advanced hydrobatic maneuvers. Simulation results show agreement with literature and experiment, and the simulator shows utility as a development tool in designing new maneuvers and control strategies.

Keywords
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, Hydrobatics, Underactuated Robotics, Flight Dynamics, Hydrodynamics, Flight Simulation
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286041 (URN)
Projects
SMaRC
Note

QC 20201118

Available from: 2020-11-18 Created: 2020-11-18 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
3. Towards a Cyber-Physical System for  Hydrobatic AUVs
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards a Cyber-Physical System for  Hydrobatic AUVs
Show others...
2019 (English)In: OCEANS 2019 - Marseille, 2019Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) encompass a network of sensors and actuators that are monitored, controlled and integrated by a computing and communication core. As autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) become more intelligent and connected, new use cases in ocean production, security and environmental monitoring become feasible. Swarms of small, affordable and hydrobatic AUVs can be beneficial in substance cloud tracking and algae farming, and a CPS linking the AUVs with multi-fidelity simulations can improve performance while reducing risks and costs. In this paper, we present a CPS concept tightly linking the AUV network in ROS to virtual validation using Simulink and Gazebo. A robust hardware-software interface using the open-source UAVCAN-ROS bridge is described for enabling hardware-in-the-loop validation. Hardware features of the hydrobatic SAM AUV are described, with a focus on subsystem integration. Results presented include pre-tuning of controllers, validation of mission plans in simulation and real time subsystem performance in tank tests. These first results demonstrate the interconnection between different system elements and offer a proof of concept.

Keywords
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, Cyber-physical Systems, Virtual Validation, Simulation, Mission planning, Control, Flight Dynamics, CAN Bus, System integration.
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Research subject
Electrical Engineering; Vehicle and Maritime Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286045 (URN)10.1109/OCEANSE.2019.8867392 (DOI)000591652100325 ()2-s2.0-85098503900 (Scopus ID)
Conference
OCEANS 2019 - Marseille
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research
Note

QC 20201118

Available from: 2020-11-18 Created: 2020-11-18 Last updated: 2023-09-12Bibliographically approved
4. A Cyber-Physical System for Hydrobatic AUVs: System Integration and Field Demonstration
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Cyber-Physical System for Hydrobatic AUVs: System Integration and Field Demonstration
Show others...
2020 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) comprise a network of sensors and actuators that are integrated with a computing and communication core. Hydrobatic Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) can be efficient and agile, offering new use cases in ocean production, environmental sensing and security. In this paper, a CPS concept for hydrobatic AUVs is validated in real-world field trials with the hydrobatic AUV SAM developed at the Swedish Maritime Robotics Center (SMaRC). We present system integration of hardware systems, software subsystems for mission planning using Neptus, mission execution using behavior trees, flight and trim control, navigation and dead reckoning. Together with the software systems, we show simulation environments in Simulink and Stonefish for virtual validation of the entire CPS. Extensive field validation of the different components of the CPS has been performed. Results of a field demonstration scenario involving the search and inspection of a submerged Mini Cooper using payload cameras on SAM in the Baltic Sea are presented. The full system including the mission planning interface, behavior tree, controllers, dead-reckoning and object detection algorithm is validated. The submerged target is successfully detected both in simulation and reality, and simulation tools show tight integration with target hardware.

Keywords
Cyber-physical systems; Behavior trees; Simulation; Mission planning; Field testing; System integration.
National Category
Robotics and automation Computer Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-282193 (URN)10.1109/auv50043.2020.9267947 (DOI)000896378600064 ()2-s2.0-85098527010 (Scopus ID)
Conference
IEEE OES Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Symposium, St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada, 2020
Note

QC 20200929

Available from: 2020-09-29 Created: 2020-09-29 Last updated: 2026-02-27Bibliographically approved

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