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Island-based Polygeneration Systems: On the Feasibility of Solar-Biomass-driven Distributed Concepts
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology. UPC Barcelona.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3070-794X
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The colossal risks and challenges posed by climate change require innovative solutions that must fulfil energy service demands sustainably. The concept of small-scale, biomass-based polygeneration (SBP) is one such technological approach, which optimizes locally supplied fuels to provide several energy services like electricity, heating, cooling, potable water, and/or bio-chemical products. By presenting chosen SBP systems and models employed in various socio-geographic locations, in particular distributed applications, the thesis identifies benefits as well as drawbacks of the SBP concept and aims to promote its wider usage in the field.Because a multitude of technologies can be applied for polygeneration system design, the thesis starts with a thorough review of the highly complex and rapidly evolving field, where relevant literature is presented and assimilated. Based on this review, several models have been created for various solar-assisted SBP systems: Firstly, a small-scale Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power (CCHP) system based on biomass gasification has been investigated for a hotel resort on one of the Andaman Islands, India. Apart from economic and environmental superiority compared to a fossil-fuel reference system, the study also expanded technological aspects by adding a socio-political analysis of the benefits and drawbacks of the system for the entire island community. In the second study, a novel control algorithm was devised for a biogas-based polygeneration system generating electricity and potable water generation for a rural off-grid village in El Pando, Bolivia. It was found that the proposed system could lead to significant cost and emissions reductions paired with greater energy autonomy. In the third study, an optimization model for a combined gasification-based CCHP/Heat Pump (HP) system is presented for a tourist facility in Barcelona considering various climate scenarios. The study reveals that the system design is only slightly affected by future changes in climate and that the CCHP/HP system shows only a moderate economic performance but still considerable CO2-savings potential.The overall findings of these studies reveal that the economic feasibility of SBP systems depends greatly not just on their inherent design but also on their location. However, all proposed polygeneration systems could lower emissions significantly, while excelling in energy efficiency as well as adaptability towards service demands and other technologies. The presented studies contribute to the state of the art by adding innovative polygeneration system designs, proposing new modelling approaches and subsequent models including SBP system enhancing technologies, as well as by investigating the effects of geographical location and climate change on the system design process.

Abstract [sv]

Klimatförändringen bär med sig kolossala risker och utmaningar, som kräver innovativa lösningar för att tillhandahålla energitjänster på ett mer hållbart sätt än med tidigare energisystem. Konceptet med småskaliga, biomassa-baserade polygeneration (SBP) system är ett sådant teknologiskt tillvägagångssätt, vilket optimerar användningen av lokalt producerat bränsle för att tillhandahålla olika energitjänster som elektricitet, värma, kyla, dricksvatten, eller/och bio-kemiska produkter. Doktorsarbetet identifierar för- och nackdelar hos olika SBP konceptet genom att presentera ett urval av SBP system och modeller av dem för olika geografiska regioner, med mål att främja vidare applikation av dem i fält.Eftersom en mängd tekniker kan användas för design av polygenerationssystem, börjar avhandlingen med en grundlig genomgång av det mycket komplexa och snabbt utvecklande området, där relevant litteratur presenteras och assimileras. Baserat på denna recension har flera modeller skapats för olika solassisterade SBP-system: För det första har ett småskaligt kombinerat kyl-, värme- och kraftsystem (CCHP) baserat på biomassaförgasning undersökts för en hotellanläggning på en av Andamanöarna, Indien. Bortsett från ekonomisk och miljömässig överlägsenhet jämfört med ett referenssystem för fossila bränslen har studien även inkluderat tekniska aspekter genom att lägga till en socio-politisk analys av fördelarna och nackdelarna med systemet för hela ö-samhället. I den andra studien utvecklades en ny regleralgoritm för ett biogasbaserat polygenereringssystem som genererar el och renar vatten till dricksvatten för en by utan elförsörjning i El Pando, Bolivia. Det konstaterades att det föreslagna systemet kan leda till betydande kostnads- och utsläppsminskningar i kombination med större energiautonomi. I den tredje studien presenteras en optimeringsmodell för ett kombinerat förgasningsbaserat CCHP / värmepumpsystem (HP) för en turistanläggning i Barcelona under olika klimatscenarier. Studien avslöjar att systemdesignen bara i låg grad påverkas av framtida klimatförändringar och att CCHP / HP-systemet endast visar en måttlig ekonomisk prestanda men fortfarande en betydande potential för CO2-besparingar. De övergripande resultaten av dessa studier visar att den ekonomiska genomförbarheten för SBP-system inte bara beror på deras inneboende design utan också på deras lokalisering. Alla föreslagna SBP-system kan emellertid sänka emissionerna betydligt, samtidigt som de sticker ut i energieffektivitet samt anpassningsbarhet efter energitjänster och annan teknik. De presenterade studierna bidrar till vetenskapen genom att lägga till innovativa SBP-systemdesigner, föreslå nya modelleringsmetoder och efterföljande modeller inklusive SBP-systemförbättrande teknik, samt genom att undersöka effekterna av geografisk plats och klimatförändringar på systemdesignprocessen.

Abstract [es]

Los colosales riesgos y retos puestos por el cambio climático requieren soluciones creativas para satisfacer las demandas de servicios energéticos de una manera más sostenible, comparado con los sistemas actuales. El concepto de poligeneración a escala pequeña y basada en biomasa (Small-scale, biomass-based polygeneration o SBP) es uno de estos enfoques, que optimiza el uso de combustible locales para proveer varios servicios energéticos como electricidad, calor, enfriamiento, agua potable y/o productos bioquímicos. Presentando una selección de sistemas SBP y modelos empleados en varias localizaciones socio-geográficas, esta tesis identifica los beneficios e inconvenientes del concepto SBP con el objetivo de promover su un uso más amplio en el mundo.Como se puede aplicar una multitud de tecnologías para el diseño de sistemas SBP, la tesis empieza con una revisión profunda del campo, altamente complejo y dinámico, donde la literatura relevante está presentada en una forma estructurada y resumida. Basado en esta revisión, se han creado varios modelos SBP para varios sistemas SBP con asistencia solar: Principalmente, se ha investigado un sistema de generación conjunta de frio, calor y electricidad (en inglés: Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power or CCHP) basado en gasificación de biomasa para un resort (hotelero) en una de las islas Andamán, India. Además de mostrar de una superioridad económica y ambiental comparado con el sistema de referencia de combustibles fósiles, el estudio expandió el conocimiento científico añadiendo un análisis socio-político de los beneficios e inconvenientes del sistema SBP para la comunidad de la isla entera. En el segundo estudio, se ha desarrollado un nuevo algoritmo de control para un sistema de poligeneración basado en biogás, que genera electricidad y agua potable para una comunidad rural y sin conexión a una red eléctrica más grande en el Pando, Bolivia. Se ha revelado que el sistema propuesto podría bajar significantemente los costes y las emisiones junto con un aumento de la autonomía energética. En el tercer estudio se ha presentado un modelo de optimización para un sistema combinado de CCHP y bombas de calor (sistema CCHP/HP), que se considera para una estructura museístico-turística en Barcelona y para varios escenarios climáticos. En el estudio se ha descubierto que el cambio climático influye sólo ligeramente en el diseño del sistema óptimo, y que el sistema CCHP/HP demuestra sólo un moderado desempeño económico, similar al convencional, pero también un potencial considerable para la reducción de emisiones de CO2.El conjunto de los estudios revela que la viabilidad económica de los sistemas SBP depende altamente no solo de su diseño inherente, sino también de su entorno. De todos modos, todos los sistemas SBP propuestos podrían bajar las emisiones significantemente, mientras sobresalen en eficiencia energética y adaptabilidad a servicios energéticos y tecnologías alternativas. Los estudios presentados contribuyen al estado del arte añadiendo diseños innovadores de sistemas SBP, proponiendo nuevos enfoques de modelado y cálculo, y subsecuentemente nuevos modelos incluyendo tecnologías aumentando sistemas SBP, e investigando los efectos de la ubicación geográfica y del cambio climático al proceso del diseño de los sistemas SBP.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: UPC Barcelona , 2021. , p. 112
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2020:51
Keywords [en]
Polygeneration, Distributed energy systems, Biomass, Solar energy, PV-Battery, Small-scale energy systems, techno-economic analysis, Island-based systems
National Category
Energy Engineering
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-288495ISBN: 978-91-7873-752-9 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-288495DiVA, id: diva2:1514405
Public defence
2021-02-12, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61247990665, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-01-20 Created: 2021-01-05 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Techno-economic optimization model for polygeneration hybridenergy storage systems using biogas and batteries
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Techno-economic optimization model for polygeneration hybridenergy storage systems using biogas and batteries
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2021 (English)In: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 218, p. 119544-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Renewable energy polygeneration systems are a viable alternative to fossil-fuel based systems, but storage solutions may be necessary when aiming for high sustainability and autonomy. As each storage technology has different strengths and weaknesses, combinations of various storage solutions may lead to better techno-economic performance than singular approaches. To this purpose, an optimization model including a novel dispatch control strategy for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is proposed, which uses biogas for long-term and batteries for short-term storage. The model optimizes for minimum lifetime costs while exploiting the biomass resources with maximum efficiency and quantifying the additional solar and battery capacities needed. It is applied in a case study with an innovative biomass-based polygeneration system in a rural locality of Bolivia to serve electricity, potable water, and bio-slurry as fertilizer. The results indicate that even with maximized efficiency of the biomass resource conversion, large PV and battery capacities are necessary to satisfy the electricity demand of the locality. Despite of the high investment costs, the biomass-based polygeneration system would cost 22% less over the project lifetime than the fossil-fuel based reference system while being less dependent on fuel price changes. It would also reduce CO2-emissions by over 98%.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2021
Keywords
Hybrid energy storageDispatch strategyBio-solar polygeneration
National Category
Energy Engineering Energy Systems
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-288494 (URN)10.1016/j.energy.2020.119544 (DOI)000611856000005 ()2-s2.0-85098530970 (Scopus ID)
Projects
Polygeneration
Funder
StandUp
Note

QC 20210105

Available from: 2021-01-05 Created: 2021-01-05 Last updated: 2026-04-27Bibliographically approved
2. A techno-economic optimization model of a biomass-based CCHP/heat pump system under evolving climate conditions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A techno-economic optimization model of a biomass-based CCHP/heat pump system under evolving climate conditions
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2020 (English)In: Energy Conversion and Management, ISSN 0196-8904, E-ISSN 1879-2227, Vol. 223, article id 113256Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

An innovative modelling approach for the design of biomass-based, solar-assisted combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) and heat pump (HP) systems for various climate scenarios is proposed in this work. The modelling approach is comprised of three sub-models (a demand sub-model, a supply sub-model, an economic sub-model) allowing for cost-optimal sizing of the system components based on net present cost (NPC). Subsequently a transient optimization model has been developed, which computes the technical and economic performance for each component size and for each ambient temperature of the different climate scenarios. Additionally, the model provides data on energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and CO2-emissions of a given CCHP/HP system. The model has then been employed in a case study in order to analyse the performance of a CCHP/HP system for a tourist, museum, and guest accommodation structure located at the Montjuic castle in Barcelona, Spain. The results show that the smallest simulated biomass-based CCHP system using a 25 kW(e) syngas-fuelled engine would reduce lifetime costs by 7% compared to an only-HP system while operating with a high total energy efficiency of over 60%. The combined CCHP/HP system would operate with an exergy efficiency of 18%. However, larger CCHP systems cannot offset the much higher capital costs despite increasing electricity sales. The findings also reveal that for the high climate change scenario the overall project costs drop by up to 2.5%, however the effects have little impact on the optimal CCHP/HP system sizing. Even the smallest CCHP system would reduce emissions already by 75% with an increasing trend for larger systems. Although CCHP/HP systems would lead to lower NPC and emissions, the high investment costs and the complexity of the combined system remain considerable obstacles.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2020
Keywords
Biomass, CCHP, Heat pumps, Climate scenarios
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286636 (URN)10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113256 (DOI)000580034200010 ()2-s2.0-85089091999 (Scopus ID)
Funder
StandUp
Note

QC 20201127

Available from: 2020-11-27 Created: 2020-11-27 Last updated: 2026-04-27Bibliographically approved
3. Biomass-fired combined cooling, heating and power for small scale applications - A review
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Biomass-fired combined cooling, heating and power for small scale applications - A review
2018 (English)In: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews, ISSN 1364-0321, E-ISSN 1879-0690, Vol. 96, p. 392-410Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The growing demand for energy and the accelerating threats from climate change call for innovative and sustainable solutions to decrease dependency on fossil fuels. Biomass-based, small-scale Combined Cooling, Heating and Power (CCHP) systems are one of these solutions, because they can satisfy the energy demands of the consumer with enhanced flexibility, lower losses, less costs and less environmental pollution as compared to centralized facilities. Due to recent advances in several scientific subfields with relevance to small-scale CCHP, a rapidly increasing amount of literature is now available. Therefore, a structural overview is essential for engineers and researchers. This paper presents a review of the current investigations in small-scale CCHP systems covering biomass-fired concepts and solar extensions. To this end, critical system components are described and analysed according to their specific advantages and drawbacks. Recent case studies have been collected and key findings are highlighted according to each type of prime mover. The results indicate a scientific bias towards the economic viability of such systems and the need for real-life and experiment system data. However, the potential of biomass-fired CCHP systems and of such systems with solar extensions has clearly been recognised. Based on the results, future policy implementations should focus on fostering such systems in areas with high energy costs and to increase energy resilience in developed regions. Additionally research and industry applying novel prime mover technologies should be financially supported.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2018
Keywords
Small-scale CCHP, Trigeneration, Biomass, Bio-solar
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-237089 (URN)10.1016/j.rser.2018.07.044 (DOI)000446310700030 ()2-s2.0-85051640034 (Scopus ID)
Funder
StandUp
Note

QC 20181024

Available from: 2018-10-24 Created: 2018-10-24 Last updated: 2026-04-29Bibliographically approved
4. 3E-Analysis of a Bio-Solar CCHP System for theAndaman Islands, India—A Case Study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>3E-Analysis of a Bio-Solar CCHP System for theAndaman Islands, India—A Case Study
2019 (English)In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 12, no 6Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Energy services are especially expensive on remote islands due to longer and more unstable fuel supply chains. In this paper, different renewable energy systems utilizing locally available biomass and solar energy are proposed as alternatives for a hotel resort on Neil Island, India. Based on local demand data, commercial information, and scientific literature, four cases are modelled with the simulation software HOMER and their economic, energetic, as well as ecological (3E) performances are compared. The robustness of each case configuration is tested with a sensitivity analysis. The results show that a biomass-based, solar-assisted combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system offers an economic saving potential of more than 500,000 USD over twenty years and could decrease CO2 emissions by 365 t per year. When not applying CCHP measures, system performance is significantly worsened. A solar and battery-assisted diesel generator system shows similar economic outcomes as the CCHP system but worse ecological performance. Implementing the biomass-based CCHP system could improve the ecological footprint of the island, substantially decrease expenditure for the hotel owner, and generate a new source of income for surrounding farmers through biomass selling.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2019
Keywords
Renewable energy; biomass gasification; bio-solar; small-scale CCHP
National Category
Energy Engineering
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-247950 (URN)10.3390/en12061113 (DOI)000465616800079 ()2-s2.0-85065974903 (Scopus ID)
Funder
StandUp
Note

QC 20190402

Available from: 2019-03-28 Created: 2019-03-28 Last updated: 2026-04-29Bibliographically approved

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