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Cumulative effects of photobleaching in volumetric STED imaging-artefacts and possible benefits
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Experimental Biomolecular Physics.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Experimental Biomolecular Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8315-8166
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Experimental Biomolecular Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3200-0374
2021 (English)In: Methods and Applications in Fluorescence, ISSN 2050-6120, Vol. 9, no 1, article id 015003Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In stimulated emission depletion (STED) imaging, the excitation and depletion laser beams extend well beyond the focal plane in the imaged sample. We investigated how photobleaching resulting from this irradiation can affect STED images, by acquiring 3D images of fluorescent polystyrene beads using a 2D STED microscope, and applying different Z pixel sizes, scanning speeds, resulting in different laser light doses. While higher STED beam irradiances can increase the spatial resolution, they can also significantly increase photobleaching and thereby reduce signal-to-background levels. In 2D STED imaging, based on a single scan within the focal plane, scan parameters can often be selected to avoid photobleaching effects. Upon 3D optical sectioning experiments however, using the same scan parameters, additional cumulative effects of photobleaching may appear, due to the extension of the excitation and depletion laser beams beyond the focal planes being scanned. Apart from a reduction in signal-to-background levels, such photobleaching can lead to an apparent shift of the axial localization of the objects in the images, but also to an increased resolution in the axial dimension. These findings, confirmed by simulations based on a simplified model for photobleaching, suggests some caution in volumetric STED imaging experiments, but also a possibility for enhanced axial resolution in such experiments.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Physics (IOP), 2021. Vol. 9, no 1, article id 015003
Keywords [en]
super-resolution microscopy, STED, photobleaching, resolution
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-289540DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/abcbedISI: 000606030400001PubMedID: 33207335Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85100702972OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-289540DiVA, id: diva2:1525308
Note

QC 20210203

Available from: 2021-02-03 Created: 2021-02-03 Last updated: 2024-05-17Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Super-resolution microscopy – photophysical implications and applications
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Super-resolution microscopy – photophysical implications and applications
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Unparalleled specificity and high sensitivity have made fluorescence microscopy an indispensable tool for life sciences. Both these aspects come from the use of light-emitting fluorophores, labeled to molecules and structures of interest. The diffraction-limited, maximum achievable resolution of traditional microscopes roughly corresponds to half the wavelength of the light used for observation. In the last decades, however, super-resolution microscopy (SRM) has been developed, which provide spatial information far beyond this diffraction limit. While different SRM techniques use different principles to achieve super resolution, most of these techniques rely on selectively switching the fluorophore emission on and off, within a diffraction-limited volume. Upon excitation, fluorophores can undergo transitions into transient dark states or become permanently photobleached. While reversible transitions may be used to achieve super resolution, they also reduce the overall emission. Characterization and modeling of photophysical dark state transitions are thus important, since they can both provide a basis for, as well as negatively affect the performance of SRM. Nevertheless, SRM has already proven valuable in biological and biomedical research, where the enhanced resolution allows for improved understanding of basic molecular mechanisms in cells and opens for future diagnostic opportunities.

This thesis presents two applications of SRM. In paper I, we used STED (stimulated emission depletion) SRM to image the disruption of beta-actin filaments in neurons infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae, suggesting a possible mechanism for neuronal death in bacterial meningitis. In paper II, the nanoscale distribution patterns of six different platelet proteins were imaged with STED to find activation-specific protein rearrangements upon co-incubation of the platelets with cancer cells. Streamlined image acquisition, analysis and classification methods were also developed, opening prospects for SRM-based minimally invasive cancer diagnosis.

Photophysical transitions of fluorophores and their implications on SRM were also studied. Cumulative photobleaching in volumetric STED imaging and how it can affect the recorded STED images was studied experimentally and verified by simulations in paper III. The effects of fluorophore transitions into transient dark states in super-resolution MINFLUX (minimal photon fluxes) were studied in paper IV. In this work, photophysical rate parameters of photo-switchable near-infrared (NIR) cyanine dyes were measured using TRAST (transient state) spectroscopy. Time evolutions of their photophysical transitions during MINFLUX localizations were then simulated, showing that fluorophore blinking can be a source of localization errors. However, from the acquired knowledge of the transient states and how they influence the localization in MINFLUX experiments, it was possible to adapt sample and excitation conditions and demonstrate MINFLUX imaging in the NIR. Thereby, it was shown that more weakly emitting and blinking NIR fluorophores can still be used in MINFLUX.

Abstract [sv]

Oöverträffad specificitet och hög känslighet har gjort fluorescensmikroskopi till ett oumbärligt verktyg inom livsvetenskaperna. Dessa egenskaper härrör från användandet av ljusemitterande fluoroforer, inmärkta till de molekyler och strukturer man vill studera. Den diffraktionsbegränsade, maximalt uppnåeliga upplösningen hos traditionella mikroskop motsvarar grovt sett hälften av våglängden hos det ljus som används för observation. Under de senaste decennierna har emellertid superupplösningsmikroskopi (SRM) utvecklats, vilket möjliggjort att spatiell information kan erhållas långt bortom denna diffraktionsbegränsning. Även om olika SRM-tekniker använder olika principer för att uppnå superupplösning, förlitar sig de flesta av dem på att selektivt kunna slå på och av fluoroforemissionen inom en diffraktionsbegränsad volym. Vid excitation kan fluoroforer övergå till mörka, transienta tillstånd eller permanent fotoblekas. Även om reversibla övergångar kan användas för att uppnå superupplösning minskar de också den totala emissionen. Karakterisering och modellering av fotofysikaliska övergångar till mörka tillstånd är således mycket viktigt, eftersom de både kan ge en grund för och negativt påverka prestanda hos SRM. SRM har dock redan visat sig vara värdefullt inom biologisk och biomedicinsk forskning, där den förbättrade upplösningen ger en bättre förståelse av grundläggande molekylära mekanismer i celler samt öppnar för framtida diagnostiska möjligheter.

Denna avhandling presenterar två tillämpningar av SRM. I arbete I använde vi STED (stimulated emission depletion) SRM för att avbilda påverkan på beta-aktinfilament i neuroner infekterade med Streptococcus pneumoniae, vilket ledde oss till att föreslå en möjlig mekanism för neuronal död vid bakteriell meningit. I arbete II avbildades de nanoskaliga distributionsmönstren hos sex olika trombocyterproteiner med STED för att hitta aktiveringsspecifika distributionsförändringar hos proteinerna vid samtidig inkubering av trombocyterna med cancerceller. Effektiva metoder för bildgenerering, analys och klassificering utvecklades likaledes, vilket kan öppna förutsättningar för SRM-baserad minimalt invasiv cancerdiagnostik.

Fotofysikaliska övergångar hos fluoroforer och deras inverkan på SRM studerades också. Kumulativ fotoblekning vid volymetrisk STED-avbildning och hur det kan påverka tagna STED-bilder studerades experimentellt och verifierades genom simuleringar i arbete III. Effekten av fluoroforers övergångar till transienta mörka tillstånd i superupplöst MINFLUX (minimal photon fluxes) studerades i arbete IV. I detta arbete mättes fotofysikaliska reaktionshastigheter hos cyaninfärgämnen i det nära-infraröda (NIR) våglängdsområdet med hjälp av TRAST (transient state) spektroskopi. Hur dessa fotofysikaliska övergångar utvecklades över tid under MINFLUX-lokaliseringar simulerades sedan, vilket visade att de kan ge upphov till lokaliseringsfel. Genom den förvärvade kunskapen om de transienta tillstånden och hur de påverkar lokaliseringen i MINFLUX-experiment var det dock därefter möjligt att anpassa prov- och excitationsförhållandena, och demonstrera MINFLUX-avbildning i NIR området. Detta visar således att svagt emitterande och blinkande NIR-fluoroforer trots allt kan användas i MINFLUX.

 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2024:29
National Category
Other Physics Topics
Research subject
Physics, Biological and Biomedical Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-346581 (URN)978-91-8040-943-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-06-14, FB53, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC-2024-05-20

Available from: 2024-05-20 Created: 2024-05-17 Last updated: 2025-12-03Bibliographically approved

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Venugopal Srambickal, ChinmayaBergstrand, JanWidengren, Jerker

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