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Classifying Magnetosheath Jets Using MMS: Statistical Properties
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Space and Plasma Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4381-3197
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Space and Plasma Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1270-1616
Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Space and Plasma Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0349-0645
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2020 (English)In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 125, no 11, article id e2019JA027754Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Using Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) data, we find, classify, and analyze transient dynamic pressure enhancements in the magnetosheath (jets) from May 2015 to May 2019. A classification algorithm is presented, using in situ MMS data to classify jets ( N=8,499) into different categories according to their associated angle between interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the bow shock normal vector (theta(Bn)). Jets appearing for theta(Bn) < 45 are referred to as quasi-parallel, while jets appearing for theta(Bn) > 45 as quasi-perpendicular jets. Furthermore, we define those jets that occur at the boundaries between quasi-parallel and quasi-perpendicular magnetosheath as boundary jets. Finally, encapsulated jets are jet-like structures with similar characteristics to quasi-parallel jets while the surrounding plasma is of quasi-perpendicular nature. We present the first statistical results of such a classification and provide comparative statistics for each class. Furthermore, we investigate correlations between jet quantities. Quasi-parallel jets have the highest dynamic pressure while occurring more often than quasi-perpendicular jets. The infrequent quasi-perpendicular jets have a much smaller duration, velocity, and density and are therefore relatively weaker. We conclude that quasi-parallel and boundary jets have similar properties and are unlikely to originate from different generation mechanisms. Regarding the encapsulated jets, we suggest that they are a special subset of quasi-parallel jets originating from the flanks of the bow shock, for large IMF cone angles although a relation to flux transfer events (FTEs) and magnetospheric plasma is also possible. Our results support existing generation theories, such as the bow shock ripple and SLAMS-associated mechanisms while indicating that other factors may contribute as well.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Geophysical Union (AGU) , 2020. Vol. 125, no 11, article id e2019JA027754
Keywords [en]
magnetosheath jets, MMS, magnetosheath, bow shock, magnetoshphere, classification
National Category
Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-288421DOI: 10.1029/2019JA027754ISI: 000595859400008Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85096448615OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-288421DiVA, id: diva2:1527348
Note

QC 20210210

Available from: 2021-02-10 Created: 2021-02-10 Last updated: 2022-10-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. High-speed jets and related phenomena at Earth's bow shock and magnetosheath
Open this publication in new window or tab >>High-speed jets and related phenomena at Earth's bow shock and magnetosheath
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Magnetosheath high-speed jets are transient and localized dynamic pressure enhancements downstream of Earth’s bow shock. Their formation has been associated with several mechanisms, including solar transient events and the dynamical evolution of the bow shock. After their formation, jets interact with the background magnetosheath population, exciting various waves and accelerating particles. When they reach the magnetosphere, they can penetrate the magnetopause, drive surface waves, and cause magnetopause reconnection. Their effects to the inner geospace environment can be seen through substorm activity and ground magnetometer measurements. In this thesis, a series of papers on the formation, evolution and statistical properties of jets is presented. Most of the work is done using NASA’s Magnetosphere Multiscale (MMS) mission, while other missions like THEMIS and upstream solar wind monitors (e.g., ACE and Wind) are also used. For our analysis, we also make complementary use of neural networks and computer simulations. Our investigation initially showed the importance of classifying jets based on the shock orientation and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), resulting in an open-access database of magnetosheath jets using MMS. This dataset was then used to derive statistical properties for each class of magnetosheath jets (Paper I). The jets were also classified using neural networks (Paper II), while a comparison between their statistical properties and computer simulated jets was performed (Paper III). Another aspect we investigated through multi-point measurements is the excitation of waves due to the interaction of jets with the magnetosheath (Paper IV). We then focused on the formation and evolution of jets close to the Earth’s bow shock. We showed direct in-situ evidence that shock reformation and the evolution of upstream waves can generate downstream high-speed jets (Paper V). By evaluating the properties of jets on a kinetic level, we demonstrated that jets exhibit complex velocity distribution functions (VDFs) throughout their lifetime. Deriving partial plasma moments to isolate the jet from the background population, we revealed the limitations of studying these phenomena from a single-fluid perspective and how the derived partial plasma moments are related to the upstream solar wind and its foreshock structures (Paper VI).

Abstract [sv]

Plasmajetar i magnetoskiktet är transienta och lokaliserade förhöjningar av det dynamiska trycket nedströms om jordens bogchock. Flera olika generationsmekanismer har föreslagits, t ex transienta strukturer i solvinden eller dynamisk omformning av bogchocken. Efter att de har genererats vid bogchocken växelverkar de med bakgrundsplasmat i magnetoskiktet, där de exciterar plasmavågor och accelererar partiklar. När de når magnetopausen kan de korsa den, driva ytvågor, eller initiera magnetisk omkoppling. Plasmajetars effekt på rymdmiljön nära Jorden manifesterar sig genom substormar och markbaserade mätningar av jordens magnetfält. Denna avhandling innehåller att antal artiklar om genereringen, utvecklingen och de statistiska egenskaperna hos plasmajetar. Huvuddelen av arbetet är baserad på mätningar från NASAs MMS-satelliter, tillsammans med kompletterande data från andra satellitmissioner, som THEMIS och solavindsmonitorer (t ex  ACE och Wind). För dataanalysen använder vi också neurala nätverk och plasmasimuleringar. Våra första resultat visade på vikten av att klassificera jetar baserat på relationen mellan bogchockens orientering och riktningen på det interplanetära magnetfältet. Denna klassificering resulterade i en offentligt tillgänglig databas, innehållande MMS-observationer av plasmajetar. Detta dataset användes för att bestämma jetarnas statistiska egenskaper för de olika klasserna (Artikel I), vilket följdes upp med en klassificering baserade på neurala nätverk (Artikel II), vilket jämfördes med plasmasimuleringar (Artikel III). En ytterligare egenskap hos plasmajetar, excitation av plasmavågor, undersöktes med flerpunktsmätningar (Artikel IV). Därefter fokuserade vi på genereringen och evolutionen av jetar nära jordens bogchock. Vi visar att direkta in situ-mätningar tyder på att dynamisk omformning av bogchocken och vågor uppströms om den kan generera plasmajetar i magnetoskiktet (Artikel V). Genom att studera jetars plasmakinetiska egenskaper visar vi också att deras distributionsfunktioner uppvisat ett komplext beteende under jetarnas livstid. Beräkningar av partiella plasmamoment för att isolera jetarna från bakgrundsplasmat visar på begränsningarna i att betrakta dessa fenomen som en enkel fluid, och hur momenten är relaterade till solvinden uppströms om bogchocken (Artikel VI).

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. xvi, 94
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2022:67
Keywords
magnetosheath, solar wind, bow shock, plasma, collisionless shock
National Category
Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics
Research subject
Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-320538 (URN)978-91-8040-390-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-11-23, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish National Space Board, 90/17
Note

QC 20221031

Available from: 2022-10-31 Created: 2022-10-25 Last updated: 2022-10-31Bibliographically approved

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Raptis, SavvasKarlsson, TomasKullen, AnitaLindqvist, Per-Arne

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