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Oxidation of UN/U2N3-UO2 composites: an evaluation of UO(2 )as an oxidation barrier for the nitride phases
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1628-3001
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6082-8913
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2021 (English)In: Journal of Nuclear Materials, ISSN 0022-3115, E-ISSN 1873-4820, Vol. 544, article id 152700Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Composite fuels such as UN-UO2 are being considered to address the lower oxidation resistance of the UN fuel from a safety perspective for use in light water reactors, whilst improving the in-reactor behaviour of the more ubiquitous UO2 fuel. An innovative UN-UO2 accident tolerant fuel has recently been fabricated and studied: UN microspheres embedded in UO2 matrix. In the present study, detailed oxidative thermogravimetric investigations (TGA/DSC) of high-density UN/U2N3-UO2 composite fuels (91-97 %TD), as well as post oxidised microstructures obtained by SEM, are reported and analysed. Triplicate TGA measurements of each specimen were carried out at 5 K/min up to 973 K in a synthetic air atmosphere to assess their oxidation kinetics. The mass variation due to the oxidation reactions (%), the oxidation onset temperatures (OOTs), and the maximum reaction temperatures (MRTs) are also presented and discussed. The results show that all composites have similar post oxidised microstructures with mostly intergranular cracking and spalling. The oxidation resistance of the pellet with initially 10 wt% of UN microspheres is surprisingly better than the UO2 reference. Moreover, there is no significant difference in the OOT (similar to 557 K) and MRT (similar to 615 K) when 30 wt% or 50 wt% of embedded UN microspheres are used. Therefore, the findings in this article demonstrate that the UO2 matrix acts as a barrier to improve the oxidation resistance of the nitride phases at the beginning of life conditions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2021. Vol. 544, article id 152700
Keywords [en]
Accident tolerant fuel, UN-UO2 composite, oxidation resistance, UN microspheres, UO2 fuel, alpha-U2N3, thermogravimetric analysis
National Category
Materials Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-289890DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2020.152700ISI: 000608772500004Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85097335807OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-289890DiVA, id: diva2:1528287
Note

QC 20210215

Available from: 2021-02-15 Created: 2021-02-15 Last updated: 2023-05-12Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Development of Encapsulated UN-UO₂ Accident Tolerant Fuel
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Development of Encapsulated UN-UO₂ Accident Tolerant Fuel
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Accident tolerant fuels (ATFs) are designed to endure a severe accident in the reactor core longer than the standard UO2-Zr alloy systems used in light water reactors (LWRs). Composite fuels such as UN-UO2 are being considered as an ATF concept to address the lower oxidation resistance of the UN fuel from a safety perspective for use in LWRs, whilst improving the in-reactor behaviour of the UO2 fuel. The main objective of this thesis is to fabricate, characterise, and evaluate an innovative ATF concept for LWRs: encapsulated UN spheres as additives for the standard UO2 fuel. Several development steps were applied to understand the influence of the sintering parameters on the UN-UO2 fuel microstructure, evaluate potential coating candidates to encapsulate the UN spheres by different coating methodologies, assess the oxidation resistance of the composites, and estimate the thermal behaviours of uncoated and encapsulated UN-UO2 fuels. All composites were sintered by the spark plasma sintering method and characterised by many complementary microstructural techniques. Molybdenum and tungsten are shown, using a combination of modelling and experiments, to be good material candidates for the protective coating. It is shown that the powder coating methods form a thick, dense, and non-uniform coating layer onto spheres, while the chemical and vapour deposition methods provide thinner and more uniform layers. Finite element modelling indicates that the fuel centreline temperature may be reduced by more than 400 K when 70 wt% of encapsulated spheres are used as compared to the reference UO2. Moreover, the severity of the degradation of the nitride phase is reduced when embedded in a UO2 matrix and may also be reduced even more by the presence of a coating layer. These results contribute to further developments in methodologies for fabricating, characterising, and evaluating accident tolerant fuels within LWRs.

Abstract [sv]

Olyckstoleranta bränslen (ATF) är utformade för att motstå en allvarlig olycka i reaktorhärden längre än de standard UO2-Zr system som används i lättvattenreaktorer (LWR) idag. Kompositbränslen som UN-UO2 anses vara ett ATF koncept som kan förbättra den lägre oxidationsbeständigheten hos UN bränslet ur ett säkerhetsperspektiv för användning i LWR, samtidigt som UO2-bränslets beteende och prestanda i reaktorn förbättras. Huvudsyftet med denna avhandling är att tillverka, karakterisera och utvärdera ett innovativt ATF-koncept för LWR: inkapslade UN-sfärer som tillsatser för standardbränslet UO2. Flera utvecklingssteg tillämpades för att förstå inverkan av sintringsparametrarna på mikrostrukturen för UN-UO2 bränslet, utvärdera potentiella beläggningskandidater för att kapsla in UN sfärerna med hjälp av olika beläggningsmetoder, bedöma kompositernas oxidationsbeständighet och uppskatta det termiska beteendet hos obelagda och inkapslade UN-UO2 bränslen. Alla kompositer sintrades med starkströmsassisterad varmpressning (SPS) och karakteriserades av flera komplementära tekniker. Molybden och volfram visar sig vara bra materialkandidater för den skyddande beläggningen med hjälp av en kombination av modellering och experiment. Det visas att pulverlackeringsmetoderna bildar ett tjockt, tätt men ojämnt skikt på sfärerna, medan kemiska- och fysikaliska- ångavsättningsmetoder ger tunnare och mer enhetliga skikt. Finita elementmodellering indikerar att bränslets centertemperatur kan minskas med mer än 400 K när 70 wt% av inkapslade UN-sfärer används jämfört med referensen UO2. Dessutom reduceras degraderingen av nitridfasen när den är inbäddad i en UO2-matris och den kan också reduceras ännu mer genom närvaron av ett beläggningsskikt. Dessa resultat bidrar till ytterligare utveckling av metoder för att tillverka, karakterisera, och utvärdera olyckstoleranta bränslen för LWR.

Abstract [pt]

Combustíveis tolerantes a acidentes (ATFs) são projetados para suportar um acidente severo no núcleo do reator por mais tempo que os sistemas combustíveis padrão composto por UO2 e liga de Zr, atualmente usados emreatores de água leve (LWRs). Combustíveis compósitos do tipo UN-UO2 estão sendo considerados como um conceito ATF para solucionar a inferior resistência à oxidação do combustível UN, tendo em vista perspectivas desegurança para uso em LWRs, enquanto melhora o comportamento do combustível de UO2 no reator. O objetivo principal desta tese é fabricar, caracterizar, e avaliar um conceito inovador de ATF para LWRs: esferas de UN encapsuladas como aditivos para o combustível padrão de UO2. Várias etapas de desenvolvimento foram aplicadas para: entender a influência dos parâmetros de sinterização na microestrutura do combustível UN-UO2, avaliar potenciais candidatos para encapsular as esferas de UN utilizando diferentes metodologias de revestimento, acessar a resistência à oxidação dos compósitos, e estimar o comportamento térmico dos combustíveis compósitos UN-UO2 sem e com revestimentos. Todos os compósitos foram sinterizados pelo método de sinterização por descarga elétrica (SPS) e caracterizados utilizando diversas técnicas de caracterização microestrutural complementares. Molibdênio e tungstênio demonstraram ser bons materiais candidatos para o revestimento protetivo pela combinação de resultados de modelagem e experimentos. É demonstrado que o método de revestimento utilizando pó forma uma camada espessa, densa e não uniforme nas esferas, enquanto os métodos de deposição química e a vapor proporcionam camadas mais finas e uniformes. Modelagem por elementos finitos indica que a temperatura central do combustível pode ser reduzida em mais de 400 K quando 70 %m de esferas encapsuladas são utilizados, em comparação ao combustível referência UO2. Além disso, a severidade da degradação da fase nitreto é reduzida quando integrada na matriz de UO2, podendo ser reduzida ainda mais pela presença de uma camada de revestimento. Esses resultados contribuem para futuros desenvolvimentos em metodologias de fabricação, caracterização e avaliação de combustíveis tolerantes a acidentes em LWRs.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 101
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2023:17
Keywords
Accident tolerant fuel, UN-UO2 composite fuel, coating technology, powder coating, chemical vapour deposition (CVD), physical vapour deposition (PVD), UN spheres, spark plasma sintering
National Category
Physical Sciences
Research subject
Physics, Nuclear Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326844 (URN)978-91-8040-561-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-06-02, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, ID17–0078
Note

QC 2023-05-17

Available from: 2023-05-17 Created: 2023-05-12 Last updated: 2023-05-26Bibliographically approved

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Costa, Diogo RibeiroWallenius, JanneOlsson, Pär

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