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Metal bioaccessibility in synthetic body fluids – A way to consider positive and negative alloying effects in hazard assessments
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science. AIMES; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2206-0082
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science. The University of Western Ontario.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2145-3650
2021 (English)In: Materials & design, ISSN 0264-1275, E-ISSN 1873-4197, Vol. 198, article id 109393Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Hazard classification of metal alloys is today generally based on their bulk content, an approach that seldom reflects the extent of metal release for a given environment. Such information can instead be achieved via bioelution testing under simulated physiological conditions. The use of bioelution data instead of bulk contents would hence refine the current hazard classification of alloys and enable grouping. Bioelution data have been generated for nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) released from several stainless steel grades, one low-alloyed steel, and Ni and Co metals in synthetic sweat, saliva and gastric fluid, for exposure periods from 2 to 168 h. All stainless steel grades with bulk contents of 0.11–10 wt% Ni and 0.019–0.24 wt% Co released lower amounts of Ni (up to 400-fold) and Co (up to 300-fold) than did the low-alloyed steel (bulk content: 0.034% Ni, 0.015% Co). They further showed a relative bioaccessibility of Ni and Co considerably less than 1, while the opposite was the case for the low-alloyed steel. Surface oxide- and electrochemical corrosion investigations explained these findings in terms of the high passivity of the stainless steels related to the Cr(III)-rich surface oxide that readily adapted to the fluid acidity and chemistry.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd , 2021. Vol. 198, article id 109393
Keywords [en]
Corrosion, Hazard classification, Metal release, Stainless steel, Surface oxide, Synthetic body fluids, Biohazards, Body fluids, Chromium compounds, Cobalt, Electrochemical corrosion, Nickel, Steel corrosion, Alloying effect, Bioaccessibility, Exposure period, Hazard Assessment, Low alloyed steels, Physiological condition, Stainless steel grades, Alloy steel
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-290267DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109393ISI: 000699974700017Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85097639985OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-290267DiVA, id: diva2:1538400
Note

QC 20211012

Available from: 2021-03-19 Created: 2021-03-19 Last updated: 2022-10-12Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Bioaccessibility, corrosion and surface properties of metals, alloys and metallic powder in biological fluids of relevance for occupational and consumer health hazard assessment
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bioaccessibility, corrosion and surface properties of metals, alloys and metallic powder in biological fluids of relevance for occupational and consumer health hazard assessment
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

When assessing hazards of metals, alloys, and metal-containing items, the metal release (bioaccessibility) is of high importance. Triggered by increasingly stricter hazard classifications for metals, especially cobalt (Co), and limited knowledge, the aim of this doctoral thesis is to assess correlations between the metal/alloy surface characteristics, corrosion and metal release pattern in different simulated biological fluids relevant to human exposure scenarios (dermal, ingestion and inhalation, Papers I-V). In addition, occupational alloy powders (additive manufacturing, Paper III) and tattoo inks (Paper VI) were assessed in relation to potential health hazards. A reliable and reproducible in-vitro bioaccessibility test methodology was elaborated (Paper I). Generated nickel (Ni) and Co bioaccessibility data correlates with the surface and corrosion properties of the metals/alloys in the synthetic fluids, suggesting that the bioaccessible concentration, rather than bulk content, should be used for hazard assessment of Ni and Co in alloys and metals (Papers I-IV). Metallic Co was homogeneously distributed along with metallic Ni beneath the surface oxide of stainless steel 316L under different exposure conditions (Paper V). Exposure in a phosphate-containing neutral fluid resulted in the precipitation and incorporation of both Co and phosphate in the oxide (Paper V). Reused alloy powder during laser additive manufacturing processes revealed, depending on alloy type, different physicochemical properties including corrosion properties (Paper III). A large majority of the investigated tattoo inks violated existing regulations on labelling and substances of health concern (Paper VI), and Co, Ni, and other impurities were associated with iron-rich pigments. In all, this thesis presents bioaccessibility findings connected to surface characteristics relevant for hazard assessments of alloys and powders, and points towards physicochemical reasons behind the release of certain metallic impurities.

Abstract [sv]

Olika hälsorisker som till exempel hudallergi kan uppstå vid exponering för nickel och kobolt. Det är därför viktigt att förstå om olika metalliska föremål, metaller och legeringar kan frisätta dessa element i kontakt med olika kroppsvätskor. I den här doktorsavhandlingen har en metod utvecklats för att bestämma mängder av frisatt nickel och kobolt från massiva ytor och pulver av olika metalliska legeringar och rena metaller på ett jämförbart sätt och för olika exponeringsvägar (hudkontakt, inandning, förtäring). Ett annat mål har varit att undersöka om metaller som kobolt, som ofta endast befinner sig som föroreningar i legeringar, förekommer i ytoxiden eller endast i bulkmaterialet och hur det påverkar frisättningen (kobolt har nyligen omklassificierats då metallen kan orsaka cancer). Studierna har också omfattat samband mellan ytegenskaper och frisättning av metaller från metalliska pulver som används i tillverkningsindustrin och metalliska föroreningar samt undersökt hälsorisker med tatueringsfärger. Resultaten har visat att frisättningen av nickel och kobolt till olika syntetiska kroppsvätskor från metaller och legeringar ofta korrelerar väl med deras yt- och korrosionsegenskaper. Det medför att frisättnings- eller korrosionstester skulle kunna användas för att gruppera olika metaller och legeringar och bedöma deras hälsorisker, i stället för att eventuella risker baseras på legeringarnas bulksammansättningar. Legeringarnas ytoxider har ofta en skild sammansättning och en förmåga att minska frisättning av metaller på ett mycket effektivt sätt. Återanvänt pulver vid additiv tillverkning (3D-printning) kan erhålla ändrade fysikaliska och kemiska egenskaper på grund av exponeringen för laser. Innehållet av nickel, kobolt och kromföroreningar i tatueringsfärger var kopplat till andra metaller, främst järnrik röd pigment. Den här avhandlingen bidrar till att förfina riskbedömningar av metaller, legeringar, och metallinnehållande produkter.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. p. 48
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2021:43
Keywords
Metal and alloy, metal release, synthetic biological fluids, surface oxide, corrosion resistance, hazard assessment
National Category
Analytical Chemistry
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304814 (URN)978-91-8040-043-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-12-13, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH and Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/meeting/register/u5wodumurDIjH9UhhHbmjhRcJ6vErKrU62Kf, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
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Note

QC 2021-11-15

Available from: 2021-11-15 Created: 2021-11-12 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Wang, XuyingOdnevall Wallinder, IngerHedberg, Yolanda

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