kth.sePublications KTH
System disruptions
There are recurring service disruptions on some of the search portals due to high traffic. We are working to resolve the issue, you may temporarily encounter an error message.
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Factors Influencing the Formation of Soft Particles in Biodiesel
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Internal Combustion Engines.
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering.
Scania CV AB.
Scania CV AB.
Show others and affiliations
2021 (English)In: SAE technical paper series, ISSN 0148-7191, E-ISSN 2688-3627, Vol. 3, no 2, p. 872-881Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In order to mitigate the effect of fossil fuels on global warming, biodiesel is used as drop in fuel. However, in the mixture of biodiesel and diesel, soft particles may form. These soft particles are organic compounds, which can originate from the production and degradation of biodiesel. Further when fuel is mixed with unwanted contaminants such as engine oil the amount soft particles can increase. The presence of these particles can cause malfunction in the fuel system of the engine, such as nozzle fouling, internal diesel injector deposits (IDID) or fuel filter plugging. Soft particles and the mechanism of their formation is curtail to understand in order to study and prevent their effects on the fuel system. This paper focuses on one type of soft particles, which are metal soaps. More precisely on the role of the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) during their formation. In order to do so, aged and unaged B10 was studied. The fuel matrixes were mixed with a calcium source such as calcium oxide (CaO), calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and engine oil. The importance of SCFA was studied by influencing the presence of the acids, by degrading the fuel, by the addition of formic acid and by inert gas bubbling. The created deposits and fuels mixtures were examined with the use of pH measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ion chromatography (IC). Opposed to the expectations, the results indicate that SFCA in not the most important factor for the formation of soft particles. It is shown that the calcium sources influenced the consistency and amount of the created soft particles. From the tested contaminants, CaO showed the highest yield towards precipitates. While degradation of the fuels showed to be the most important factor to form soap type soft particles.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SAE International , 2021. Vol. 3, no 2, p. 872-881
Keywords [en]
Biodiesel, Bubble formation, Calcite, Calcium carbonate, Calcium oxide, Deposits, Diesel engines, Fatty acids, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Fuel systems, Gas chromatography, Global warming, Inert gases, Ion chromatography, Lime, Lubricating oils, Mass spectrometry, Mixtures, Diesel injectors, Filter plugging, Fuel matrix, Gas bubbling, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometries (GC-MS), PH measurements, Short-chain fatty acids, Soft particles, Fossil fuels
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-291585DOI: 10.4271/2020-24-0006Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85093825528OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-291585DiVA, id: diva2:1539568
Note

QC 20250314

Available from: 2021-03-24 Created: 2021-03-24 Last updated: 2025-08-28Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Filtration of soft particles
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Filtration of soft particles
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The transportation industry relies heavily on fossil fuels, a dependency that isnot sustainable for the future. The easiest way to change this dynamics is to userenewable fuels, such as biodiesel or hydrotreated vegetable oils, which can be usedas drop-in fuel or blends, without engine modifications. However, when differentfuels are mixed, unwanted precipitation may occur. The precipitates produced bythis process are referred to as soft particles. These soft particles have previouslybeen pinpointed to cause fuel system problems such as nozzle fouling, internal dieselinjector deposits or even fuel filter plugging. These problems will eventually allcause deterioration of engine performance, higher fuel consumption and increasedemissions.This thesis aims to evaluate the possibility for providing a solution to theproblems caused by soft particles through advanced fuel filtration. In order to do so,an initial study was done to investigate the effect of metal carboxylates on nozzlefouling through engine tests. In these tests, fuel solubility and nozzle geometry wereinvestigated. To understand the challenges in filtration, a detailed analysis wasdone on plugged fuel filters. This study helps to better understand the compositionof the soft particles. Following these initial studies, efforts were made to replicatesoft particles under laboratory conditions, resulting in a method to synthesise softparticles through the degradation of fuel. Finally, a custom-built small-scale fuelfilter rig was developed, in order to test different fuel filters. Using the fuel filter rig,the potential of currently available fuel filters was evaluated. The materials of thefuel filters were also analysed. Finally, alternative filtration methods were evaluatedfor vehicle applications such as membrane filters and adsorption filters.As a result of these efforts, a mechanism for continuous injector deposit build-upand removal was proposed. Soft particles were identified as a mixture of insolubleorganic contamination. Particular attention was given to calcium soaps with polargroups at both ends of the molecule, specifically calcium methyl azelate. A gaschromatography mass spectroscopy method was developed to quantify this soaptype. The experiments on the filtration rig showed that the fuel filters with glassmicrofibre in their upstream layer proved to be slightly beneficial for soft particleremoval. From the perspective of alternative filtration methods, an adsorption filterproved to be of great interest for further studies in vehicle applications.

Abstract [sv]

Transportindustrin förlitar sig i stor utsträckning på fossila bränslen, ett beroende som inte är hållbart för framtiden. Det enklaste sättet för att ändra den dynamiken är användningen av förnybara bränslen, som biodiesel eller hydrerade vegetabiliska oljor som kan användas utan att behöva ändra motorerna. När olika bränslen blandas kan däremot oönskade utfällningar uppkomma. De utfällningar som genom denna process uppkommer refereras till som mjuka partiklar. Dessa mjuka partiklar har tidigare fastställts orsaka problem i bränslesystem som nedsmutsning av bränslemunstycke, interna dieselinsprutningsavlagringar eller till och med att bränslefiltret blir igentäppt. Gemensamt för dessa problem är att de leder till en försämrad prestanda av motorn, högre bränsleförbrukning samt ökade avgasutsläpp. Den här avhandlingen syftar till att utvärdera möjligheten till en möjlig lösning på problemen skapade av mjuka partiklar genom avancerad bränslefiltrering. För att kunna göra det genomfördes en initial studie för att undersöka effekten av metallkarbonat på nedsmutsning av munstycken genom motortester. I dessa experiment har bränslelöslighet och munstyckets geometri undersökts. För att förstå förändringarna i filtreringen har en detaljerad analys genomförts på igentäppta bränslefilter. Analysen bidrog till en ökad förståelse för sammansättningen av mjuka partiklar. Efter inledande experiment gjordes försök att återskapa mjuka partiklar i en klinisk miljö. Det resulterade i en metod för att syntetisera mjuka partiklar genom åldring av bränsle. Slutligen utvecklades en specialbyggd småskalig bränslefiltreringsrigg för att kunna utvärdera olika bränslefilter. Genom att använda riggen kunde potentialen för tillgängliga filter utvärderas. Även filtrens material analyserades. Slutligen utvärderades alternativa filtreringsmetoder för fordonstillämpningar såsom membranfilter och adsorptionsfilter. Som ett resultat togs en mekanism som beskriver kontinuerlig uppbyggnad och avlägsnande av insprutningsavlagringar. Mjuka partiklar identifierades som en blandning av olösliga organiska föroreningar. Särskilt fokus ägnades åt kalciumtvålar med polära grupper i båda ändarna av molekylen, specifikt kalciumetylacetat. En gaskromatografimasspektroskopimetod utvecklades för att kvantifiera dessa. Experimenten med bränslefiltreringsriggen visade att bränslefilter med glasmikrofiber var fördelaktiga för borttagning av mjuka partiklar. Ur perspektivet för alternativa filtreringsmetoder visade sig adsorptionsfilter vara av stort intresse för framtida studier gällande fordonsapplikationer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. p. 190
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2021:38
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301858 (URN)978-91-7873-971-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-10-08, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66981289102, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
FIB
Available from: 2021-09-16 Created: 2021-09-13 Last updated: 2025-03-14Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

No full text in DiVA

Other links

Publisher's full textScopus

Authority records

Csontos, BotondFiorenza, Roberta MariaBernemyr, HannaChristiansen Erlandsson, Anders

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Csontos, BotondFiorenza, Roberta MariaBernemyr, HannaChristiansen Erlandsson, Anders
By organisation
Internal Combustion EnginesMaterials Science and Engineering
In the same journal
SAE technical paper series
Energy Engineering

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar

doi
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
urn-nbn
Total: 264 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf